Grain Crops.-2017.-Vol. 1.- №2
Selection
Associative analisis of combination capacity of high experimental lines of sugar corn for wastes and its structure | Annotation Associative analisis of combination capacity of high experimental lines of sugar corn for wastes and its structure
UDC 632.527: 635.67 O. Ye. Klimova*,Ye.I. Bielikov.Grain Crops, 2017, 1 (2), 215–224. SЕInstitute of grain crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyra Vernadskyi str., Dnipro, Ukraine, 49027, *e-mail:klimbok17@gmail.com The results of estimation of combining ability of high-drought-tolerant lines of sugar corn for yield and its components are highlighted. The genotypes with high estimations of the effects of GCA on the complex of signs, the expression of which increased for the intensification of drought were highlighted. It was found out that lines KC210-3, КC416-2, RKC46, RKC18, RKC28, RKC98, RC27-5 can be donor of high drought-resistance. The samples with high donor properties of the characteristics of the structure of yield are noted. Hybrids tolerant to drought were selected, which exceeded the standard by yields of molds of technical maturation of 2.50-4.22 t/ha. The optimal combination of high yield and stability of its imple-mentation due to increased homeostaticity of their genotypes provided them with high selective value, indicating the promising use in production. Keywords: sugar corn, drought tolerance, lines, hybrids, signs, combining ability, donors. | PDF 215-224 |
Initial material for selection of huskless varieties of oats | Annotation Initial material for selection of huskless varieties of oats UDC 633.13:631.527 Solodushko V.Р. Grain Crops, 2017, 1 (2), 225–231. SEinstitute of grain cropsof naas, 14 Volodymyra Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, ukrainе, 49027, e-mail: solodushko.nv@gmail.com
Key words: oats, variety, hybridization, selection, signs, hybrid combinations. An integral part of the formation of the initial material for the selection process is the use of the collection of the world gene pool of oats culture, the allocation of donors and sources of selectively valuable traits. In connection with the insufficient study of holoform forms in comparison with varieties of foamed oat varieties, a very important condition for the creation of the initial material is the study of their morphological indices and elements of productivity. In the breeding process included holoform forms of oats of both domestic and foreign selection with well-defined elements of productivity, resistant to lodging, disease and drought. The main directions of selection and genetic improvement of the initial material of holoform forms is the increase in the yield of grain and its quality, the increase in the mass of 1000 seeds, the reduction in the pubescence of the grains and the elimination of the grainy grains. Also considerable attention was paid to grain leveling, grain rooting, breeding for resistance and tolerance to diseases and pests, optimization of plant morphotype. Plant height is an indicator that closely correlates with the duration of the growing season and determines the habitus of the plant. In addition, this feature is closely correlated with the length of the panicle and the resistance to lodging, which is closely related to the adaptive properties of the plant. The plant height of the most productive hybrid combinations varied between 98,1 and 109,2 cm. The coefficient of variation of this indicator was in the range of 8,3–9,2%. The length of the panicle, as well as the height of the plants, are signs that depend to a large extent on the characteristics of the variety as well as on the weather conditions of the year. The length of the panicle in the studied samples was within 23,6–27,5 cm, the coefficient of variation was in the range from 10,2 to 12,3%. For comparison, the length of the panicle in average for 2015–2017 was in the range of 13,9–17,8 cm. The efficiency of the panicle causes a set of symptoms: the number of spikelets in the panicle, the number of grains in the spikelet and the grain size. In the holed samples of oats studied by us, the quantity of high-grade grains from one plant in some samples reached 550 pieces. The most productive in terms of the number of spikelets from the plant (84,3–105,4 pcs.) Were hybrid combinations of Abel x Plater, Belorussky x Pushkin, Gosha x Pushkin, Vandrovnik x Gosha, Abel x Belorussky, Rhea x Nuprime. The coefficient of variation of this indicator was within the range of 26,4–29,5%. The above hybrid combinations had a high breeding value and the number of grains from the plant in which this indicator was at the level of 184–229 pieces, the coefficient of variation of this feature was quite high (V = 27,3–29,8%). In the samples studied, the grain mass from the plant was in the range 4,8–6,0 g., This feature is the most variable V = 28,4–33,1%, which indicates a significant variety of the genetic potential of the holoform forms of oats. The most productive in weight grains from the plant were hybrid combinations Abel x Belorussky, Rhea x Nuprime, Abel x Plater, Vandrovnik x Gosha. Among the investigated varieties were isolated fine-grained (weight of 1000 seeds 12,6–18,4 g) and coarse (26,4–29,2 g) forms. The mass of 1000 grains in newly created hybrid combinations of holoform forms of oats on average for 2015–2017. fluctuated within 23,5–28,9 g. The largest specimens were Abel x Belorussky, Rhea x Nuprime, Vandrovnik x Gosha. In terms of productivity, the holoform forms of oats are shrinked by 35 to 45%, and individual varieties are even 55%. But considering the part of the harvest (film) that is not live, which makes up, depending on the conditions of the year, 20–30 and even 3%, the difference between these forms is only – 15%. By the mass of grain from 1 m2, hybrid combinations Abel x Belorussky, Rhea x Nuprime, in which the mass of grain from 1 m2 was an average of 3 years, respectively, 282,5 і 267,9 g.
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Biotehnology
Morphobiological features of maize transformated plants | Annotation Morphobiological features of maize transformated plants
UDC57.084:633.15 Derkach K. V.1*, Abraimova O. Ye.1, Cherhel V. Yu.1, Dzyubetskyi B. V.1, Morgun B. V.2, Nitovska I. O.2, Satarova T. M.1 Grain Crops, 2017, 1 (2), 232–241. 1SEinstitute of grain crops of national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyra Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, ukrainе, 49027,*e-mail: kvderkach@gmail.com 2Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering NASU, 148, akademika Zabolotnogo Str., Kyiv, ukrainе, 03680, ** e-mail: molgen@icbge.org.ua Key words: maize, resistance to herbicides, phosphinothricin, transformated plants, gene bar. The aim of the work was to characterize the morphobiological features of maize genetically transformated plants in generations Т0–Т6. The tasks of the study were to investigate seed germination, the survival of young seedlings after the Basta herbicide treatment, the duration of the periods between seedlings emergence and tassel/ear flowering, plant height. The maize hybrid PLS61хДК633266 which parent lines refered to PLS61 germplasm (PLS61) and Lancaster germplasm (ДК633266) was used as the initial research material. Genetic transformation was carried out via biolistic treatment of 10-20-days calli, which had been formed on scutellums of immature embryos. The control calli were not undergone biolistic treatment. Plasmid vector pAHC25 containing the gene of β-glucuronidase (uidA) from Escherichia coli and the gene of phosphinothricinacetyltransferase (bar) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, both under the control of the promoter of the maize ubiquitin gene, was used for transformation. Initially the T0 plant regenerated from callus tissue of PLS61хДК633266, which had been biolistically treated with the plasmid vector, was pollinated with pollen of ДК633266 (self-pollination of the transformated plant was impossible owing to pollen sterility). The presence of bar gene in the T0 plant used for further studies has been confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction method. As a result, 40 seeds with T1 embryos of genotype: [T0(PLS61хДК633266)хДК633266] were received. T1 seeds partionally were sown into the soil in vegetation vessels. The seeds obtained from T1 plants via self-pollination had the genotype T2: [T0(PLS61хДК633266)хДК633266]1sp, where 1sp - the number of self-pollination (2079 pcs.). The seeds of the subsequent generations on plants Т2–Т6 were received only by self-pollination. The genotypes of embryos of these seeds and plants which were formed after their germination were, respectively, T3-6: [T0(PLS61хДК633266)хДК633266]2-5sp. 25 and more plants per generation were sown for cultivation of T2–T6. Five or more plants were self-pollinated in each generation. Morphological evaluation of plants in generations T0–T6 after bar-transformation allowed to characterize transformed plants on post-herbicide survival and basic growth parameters and to obtain seeds after self-pollination. It was found that 100% untransformated maize plants died within a week after treatment with Basta. Plants-descendants of biolistic transformed ones have reduced seed germination both in T2 and T3 generations. By average phenological parameters and height transformed plants, not treated with herbicide, in T2 do not differ significantly from untransformed untreated ones. In T3 generation they revealed an increase in the duration of interphase periods, a break in flowering male and female inflorescences as well as growth inhibition, which leads to the decrease of plant height. But generally, the shock reaction quickly passes in T2 and T3 progenies. The plants look like well developed, female and male inflorescences normally enter the flowering phases, form pollen and silk, produce seeds. There was a greater variation in morphological characteristics between plants within families T2 and T3 than in control variants, which suggests the existence of plants with various degrees of resistance to the herbicide. It can be explained with the presence or absence of bar gene in generations from self-pollination of the original regenerants obtained directly from biolistically treated callus tissue. The survival of T6 plants after herbicide treatment was 100%. The average values of the height of transformated plants without and after herbicidal treatment in T6 did not differ significantly. This fact indicates a successful screening on the selective phone in previous generations and the probable accumulation of transgene in plant genome in five cycles of homozygosity via self-pollination.
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Plant growing
The development of plants in the autumn period, the winter hardiness and the productivity of winter barley depending on the sowing time under the conditions of the northern Steppe | Annotation The development of plants in the autumn period, the winter hardiness and the productivity of winter barley depending on the sowing time under the conditions of the northern Steppe Key words: winter barley, sowing time, predecessors, varieties, autumn vegetation period, winter hardiness, yield. The largest cultivated area occupy such crops aswinter wheat, winter and spring barley, corn and sunflowersin the steppe zone of Ukraineand their production in the state-wide gross collection, as a rule, is respectively 30–35%, 60–65%, 27–32%, 10–15%, 35–40%.The winter barley in recent years turned out to be one of the few crops whose sowing areas are significantly increased,considerablethe favorable weather conditions and constant demand on world markets and now is about 1,0–1,2 million ha in Ukraine.More-over, the tendency to increase the acreage of this crop is observed not only in the area of steppe, but also forest-steppe and even Polesie. In this regard, the requirements are significantly increased, as to the varieties that have different genetic potential high productivity, drought and high heat resistance, resistance to diseases and pests, and to technologies of their cultivation. The errors in the selection of optimum sowing of winter barley in many farms are cause insufficient development of plants before winter, that amplified by the placement of this culture after unsatisfactory predecessors, which fired field so late and makes it difficult to efficiently prepare the ground, so it leads to uneven emergence, thinning of crops, significant losses and low yields after wintering. Given the totality of these problems that arise in the process of growing winter barley, during the work the taskwas to conduct a study to determine the best time for sowing of this important grain crop in a northern steppe of Ukraine, which in most years characterized by rather strict hydrothermal regime preplant period, that not always make it possible to obtain amicable and timely shoots of winter corn early and optimal planting time. Field experiments were conducted at Sinelnikovoselection-experimental station control of Institute of grain crops of NAAS in the rotation laboratories of agrobiological resources of the winter cropsin the 2013–2016. The winter barley landed on the 25th and 30th ofSeptember and on the 5thand 10th of October. We studied the different biological characteristics of varieties of winter barley «Dostoinyi» and «Luran», that for its sowing areas dominatedin the northern steppe zonein recent years. The crops carried out after two predecessors, which different in potential are peas and sunflowers. Analysis of weather conditions during the research showed that they were quite different than the temperature regime,and on rainfall during the growing season of winter barley. The most favorable for the cultivation of wintercorn was in 2015, which ensured obtaining of maximum yields for the duration of the experiments. The least favorable weather conditions prevailing in 2013 and 2014, when there were severe injuries and death of plants after wintering, especially crops of barley after sunflower. The results of the conducted studies showed that the reaction of varieties of winter barley on the terms of sowing after various predecessors was far from ambiguous and depended on weather conditions and their biological characteristics. Based on the results of the work done, it was established that the average height of the winter barley plants after the autumn period, depending on the sowing time, the predecessor, the variety and the weather conditions, was quite a wide range. According to the early sowing (September, 25) after pea, the plants had a height, usually on average 15,6–16,5 cm, but in some years after this predecessor could overgrow, as was observed in autumn 2012 or, on the contrary, start wintering only in the phase of full shoots, which was noted in 2015. The barley plants that grew after sunflower had a much smaller height (6,9–12,0 cm), because not only the worst nutritional regime after this predecessor, but also to a muchlesserextent to the reserves of productive moisture in the soil at the time of sowing, which did not allow getting timely shoots. Typically, inthe tillering phase (2,0–2,9 shoots/plant) only the winter barley plants of winter, which was carried out in the early periods (on the 25th–30th of September) after peas sowing began to be wintered. During the studies before wintering of the varieties of winter barley formed an insignificant vegetative part, the mass of 100 absolutely dry plants in most cases under different growing conditions was in the range of 4,0–8,9 g.Although in early sowing (September, 25) after peas and at the end of the autumn vegetation period, the weight of 100 absolutely dry plants was much higher and on the average was 15,0–16,1 g. The smallest size of the aboveground mass (3,0–3,1 g) of the winter barley plants characterized by a late winter sowing period (October, 10) after sunflower. During the experiments, the largest amount of damageto crops of winter barley was observed in 2014,when in the areas after sunflower the average number of plants that overwintered was 49 to 71%,after peas – from 58 to 85 %. Overgrowing of winter barley, as was observed in autumn 2012, in a relatively early sowing after peas (September, 25), also led to loss of plants, the magnitude of which, according to the results of wintering in 2013, was 23–35% depending on the variety. During sowing after pea, the plants were wintering better during sowing at great late dates, namely on the 5th–10th of October; after sunflowers – for sowing September, 30–October, 5. It should also be noted that for the cultivation of winter barley after each of the precursors, the number of viable plants after wintering averaged 82,8–90,0%.Somewhat better was wintering plantsof varieties «Dostoinyi» compared to the sort of «Luran». The conducted researches showed that agroclimatic conditions and technological measures of cul-tivation had a significant impact on the yield of winter barley. The most significant grain yield was obtained by its sowing on September, 30 and October, 5 after the peas, which amounted to an average of the grades studied respectively 5,24 and 5,50 t/ha. For the cultivation of winter barley after sunflower, the best results were achieved in sowing in relatively early periods, namely September, 25 (3,99 t/ha) and September, 30 (3,76 t/ha).Depending on the sowing of winter barley, the yield after peas was at 21–32 % higher than the value of the winter crop, the precursor of which was sunflower. Among the varieties that have been studied, due to its plasticity and higher compensation and rege-nerative capacity, which is particularly important after wintering, the best sort was «Luran» which productivity exceeded «Dostoinyi» grade on 12–25 % for the cultivation after peas and on 11–17 % – for growing after sunflower. Thus, among the many technological methods used in growing winter barley, one of the most im-portant is the correct timing of sowing this important grain crop, in the absence of additional material costs, guarantees optimum plant development in autumn, the preservation of plants after a long winter and the formation of high yields. | PDF 248-255 |
Protein and starch content in the rice grains, depending of varietal structure, mineral fertilizers and sowing terms | Annotation Protein and starch content in the rice grains, depending of varietal structure, mineral fertilizers and sowing terms Key words: rice, variety, quality, protein, amino acids, starch, mineral fertilizers, terms of sowing. The article presents the results of field research on the study of the basic regularities of changing the biochemical structure of rice grains, depending on the varietal membership, the effect of agrotechnical and agroecological factors in the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Field studies were carried out during 2016–2017 in specialized rice crop rotation, the predecessor – rotation of the alfalfa layer. In experiments, rice varieties with different length of vegetation period and different types of grains were studied: Lazurit – a subspecies of japonica, early-aged (vegetation period 108–114 days), grains of elongated shape, broad (index of unbleached grain 2,8–2,9); Consul is a subspecies of japonica, middle-aged (125–132 days), grains of round form, large (grain index 2.5–2.6); Marshal – a subspecies of indica, middle-aged (122–30 days), long-grained (grain index 4.3–4.5). All varieties have white amylose grains with average amylose content in starch endosperm of rice grains in Lazurit variety – 17,94%, Marshal variety – 18,67%, Consul variety – 19,53%. According to the results of laboratory tests, it has been established that the biochemical composition of rice grain, in particular the content of protein and starch, is genetically determined. From varieties studied in experiments, increased content of protein in grain – up to 11,13% is characterized by rice of the Lazurit variety (subspecies japonica); the maximum content of protein in grain of rice Consul and Marshal was 8.07% and 8.25%, respectively, under drip irrigation; The content of this substance in grain of rice grown in the ecosystem of a flooded crop at a high background of fertilizer did not exceed 7.25 and 6.94%. Increase of the norm of introduction of nitrogen fertilizers from 0 to 150–180 kg/ha of the active substance. contributed to an increase in protein content in grain of 1.61% in rice of the Lazurit variety, 1.34% in the Consul variety and 1.46% in the Marshal variety. Increasing the dose of nitrogen from 60 to 120 kg/ha (on the background of Р30) contributed to an increase in the content of irreplaceable and substitutable amino acids in the rice protein content of 0.27%, which positively affects its consumer qualities. The maximum content of protein in the grain at the level of 6.29–8.65%, depending on the variety, accumulated early crops of rice (April 25–28), the decrease in the content of this substance in the grain, obtained from later May crops was 0.05–1,5% for the Lazurit variety, 1.29–1.89% for the Consul variety; 0.15–0.63% for Marshal. More starchy, with a content of this substance up to 71.8 % is a grain of Marshall variety, which belongs to the subspecies of indica. The variation of starch content in rice grains, depending on the agronomic factors, was significantly less than that of the protein. The maximum content of starch in grain of rice of the Lazurit variety – 65.8% was noted in the variant with a moderate mineral fertilizer rate – N90Р60K45; an increase in the background of nitrogen supply has led to a decrease in the content of this substance. The maximum amount of starch in the grain of the rice Consul – 69.7% was accumulated in the version with the addition of 150 kg/haof nitrogen in the background of P60K45; Marshal – 71.8% in the version with the introduction of 90 kg/ha nitric acid without the use of phosphoric-potassium fertilizers. The content of starch in grain, formed on crops at different times of sowing, was 62.0–63.7% in rice of Lazurit variety, 67.7–68.4 % in Consul variety and 68.3–69.3% in Marshal variety. Somewhat higher content of starch in rice grains is noted for late sowing of crop. | PDF 255-261 |
Comparative productivity of spring and alternative barleys depending on agricultural measures of growing | Annotation Comparative productivity of spring and alternative barleys depending on agricultural measures of growing Key words: spring barley, alternative barley, seeding time, pre-sowing seed treatment, mineral fertilizers, grain yield. The main task of pre-sowing seed treatment is to provide reliable protection of seedlings from pests and diseases at the beginning of their vegetation and to stimulate growth processes in a young plant. Incrustation of seeds significantly influences the germinating energy, germinating ability and intensity of its germination. Application of seed incrustation makes it possible to regulate the most important processes of the plant organism, to fully realize the potential ability of the variety and at the same time to increase the tolerance of the plant organism to adverse weather conditions. The purpose of our research was to study the peculiarities of the physiological processes of forming the productivity of both: the alternative barley at seeding in spring and spring barley, depending on the seed incrustation with microelements and growth stimulators at different levels of mineral nutrition. The researches were conducted during 2013–2015 at the Erastivka Experimental Station of the State Institution the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, in a six-year crop rotation, the peas were the precursor of barley. After harvesting the predecessor, two-time primary tillage, with following plowing to a depth of 20–22 cm. Spring soil cultivation consisted of early-spring harrowing and pre-seeding cultivation, before which, according to the experimental design, mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer) were applied. The experiments were carried out on three backgrounds of mineral nutrition: 1 – without fertilizers; 2 – N30P30K30; 3 – N60P60K60. After cultivation, the seeds of barley were seeded with a CH-16 seed drill and the press work of the sowing by sprocket packer. For researches, were used the varieties: Stalker (spring barley) and Dostoinyi (alternative barley). Seed incrustation of these varieties was carried out immediately before seeding with the preparations: Reakom-C grain (3 l/t), Antystres (300 g/t) and Deimos (600 mg/t). Alternative and spring barleys were seeded in 2013 – in April, 13; 2014 – in March, 28 and in 2015 – in March, 27. The climate of location the Experimental Station is moderately continental, characterized by dryness and unstable humidity conditions. In most of the region, the groundwater occurrence is noted at a depth of 12–20 m, resulting in plants are provided with moisture mainly with the atmospheric precipitations. According to the long-term data of the Komisarivs’ka meteorological station, the average annual rainfall is 435 mm, including the period of vegetation ща spring barley plants – about 200 mm. In the years of researches (2013–2015), weather conditions were characterized by a significant variati-on in the level of water availability of plants, indicators of the temperature regime and relative air humidity. Field surveys and observations, as well as laboratory analysis of plant samples during the years of researches, have made it possible to trace the impact of the studied technological measures on the basic processes and differences in the plant's habit, the accumulation of the above-ground mass, the formation of the secondary root system and the productivity of alternative and spring barley varieties at spring seeding. The experimental material, which has been obtained on the basis of field and laboratory studies makes it possible to state that the application of pre-sowing incrustation of barley seeds with aqueous solutionsof growth stimulators and microelement preparations in chelate form provides the needed start-up effect at the initial stage of plant development, promotes the improvement of the elements of yield structure and increases the grain productivity of alternative and spring barley varieties at spring seeding. At the same time it was established that grain yield of alternative barley without applying the mineral fertilizers was at the level of grain productivity of spring barley, and on the background of fertilizing by N30P30K30 and N60P60K60 even with the use of growth stimulators and microelement preparations – respectively decreased by 1,0–3,5 % and 11,3–17,4% compared with the grain productivity of spring barley.
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Productivity of corn on silage and biogas output depending on measures of controlling the number of weeds | Annotation Productivity of corn on silage and biogas output depending on measures of controlling the number of weeds Keywords: corn, biogas, herbicides, mechanized care, weediness, green mass, dry matter. The main task of pre-sowing seed treatment is to provide reliable protection of seedlings from pests and diseases at the beginning of their vegetation and to stimulate growth processes in a young plant. Incrustation of seeds significantly influences the germinating energy, germinating ability and intensity of its germination. Application of seed incrustation makes it possible to regulate the most important processes of the plant organism, to fully realize the potential ability of the variety and at the same time to increase the tolerance of the plant organism to adverse weather conditions. The purpose of our research was to study the peculiarities of the physiological processes of forming the productivity of both: the alternative barley at seeding in spring and spring barley, depending on the seed incrustation with microelements and growth stimulators at different levels of mineral nutrition. The researches were conducted during 2013–2015 at the Erastivka Experimental Station of the State Institution the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, in a six-year crop rotation, the peas were the precursor of barley. After harvesting the predecessor, two-time primary tillage, with following plowing to a depth of 20–22 cm. Spring soil cultivation consisted of early-spring harrowing and pre-seeding cultivation, before which, according to the experimental design, mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer) were applied. The experiments were carried out on three backgrounds of mineral nutrition: 1 – without fertilizers; 2 – N30P30K30; 3 – N60P60K60. After cultivation, the seeds of barley were seeded with a CH-16 seed drill and the press work of the sowing by sprocket packer. For researches, were used the varieties: Stalker (spring barley) and Dostoinyi (alternative barley). Seed incrustation of these varieties was carried out immediately before seeding with the preparations: Reakom-C grain (3 l/t), Antystres (300 g/t) and Deimos (600 mg/t). Alternative and spring barleys were seeded in 2013 – in April, 13; 2014 – in March, 28 and in 2015 – in March, 27. The climate of location the Experimental Station is moderately continental, characterized by dryness and unstable humidity conditions. In most of the region, the groundwater occurrence is noted at a depth of 12–20 m, resulting in plants are provided with moisture mainly with the atmospheric precipitations. According to the long-term data of the Komisarivs’ka meteorological station, the average annual rainfall is 435 mm, including the period of vegetation ща spring barley plants – about 200 mm. In the years of researches (2013–2015), weather conditions were characterized by a significant variation in the level of water availability of plants, indicators of the temperature regime and relative air humidity. Field surveys and observations, as well as laboratory analysis of plant samples during the years of researches, have made it possible to trace the impact of the studied technological measures on the basic processes and differences in the plant's habit, the accumulation of the above-ground mass, the formation of the secondary root system and the productivity of alternative and spring barley varieties at spring seeding. The experimental material, which has been obtained on the basis of field and laboratory studies makes it possible to state that the application of pre-sowing incrustation of barley seeds with aqueous solutionsof growth stimulators and microelement preparations in chelate form provides the needed start-up effect at the initial stage of plant development, promotes the improvement of the elements of yield structure and increases the grain productivity of alternative and spring barley varieties at spring seeding. At the same time it was established that grain yield of alternative barley without applying the mineral fertilizers was at the level of grain productivity of spring barley, and on the background of fertilizing by N30P30K30 and N60P60K60 even with the use of growth stimulators and microelement preparations – respectively decreased by 1,0–3,5% and 11,3–17,4% compared with the grain productivity of spring barley. | PDF 269-278 |
Effect of seedbed dressing and varietal characteristics on coriander productivity in Northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Effect of seedbed dressing and varietal characteristics on coriander productivity in Northern Steppe of Ukraine Keywords: coriander, variety, nutrition background, growth, development, crop yield. The influence of seedbed dressing of mineral fertilizers on crop yield and formation the elements of productivity of coriander varieties under conditions of unstable soil moistening of Northern Steppe is studied. It is established, that on the crop yield formation of coriander fruits in the conditions of the Northern Steppe has been influenced both the biological characteristics of the varieties and the doses of mineral fertilizers application at seedbed dressing. Coriander varieties positively responded to improving the level of mineral nutrition. The more complete the environmental factors met the biological requirements of plants, the higher was level of realization the potential crop yields. On the natural background of soil fertility, the cropyield of coriander of the Oksanit variety was 1,05 t/ha, Nektar – 0,96; Medun – 0,84; Yantar – 0,79 and Rannii – 0,69 t/ha. The seedbed dressing of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N10P10K10 provided increase of crop yield for 0,22 t/ha, N20P20K20 – 0,39 and N30P30K30 – for 0,31 t/ha. The coriander of the Oksanit variety produced a crop yield of 1,31 t/ha, Nektar – 1,22; Medun – 1.09; Yantar – 1,02 and Rannii – 0,87 t/ha. The highest crop yield during the years of research provided the Oksanit variety on the background of fertilizer application at a dose of N20P20K20 – 1,50 t/ha, and the lowest (0,69 t/ha) formed the Rannii variety in control variant. It is revealed, that the formation of generative organs in coriander plants to a large extent depends on weather conditions, biological characteristics of varieties and level of mineral nutrition. A large number of productive umbels per plant (10,9 pc.) formed coriander plants on a background of fertilizer application N20P20K20 by seedbed dressing. The seedbed dressing of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N10P10K10 provided increase in the number of fruits per coriander plant compared with the background without fertilizers (88,5 pcs.) for 19,6 pcs., N20P20K20 and N30P30K30 – for 40,0 and 30,4 pcs. per plant, respectively. More fruit were recorded in the Oksanit variety on the background of N20P20K20 – 156,9 pcs., and the least (68,7 pcs.) in the Rannii variety on the background of natural soil fertility. The weight of 1000 fruits reflected the culture response to growing conditions and varied from 6,9 g (in control) to 7,9 g (N20P20K20 and N30P30K30). Oksanit and Medun varieties were characterized by a maximum weight of 1000 fruits. The mass fraction of essential oil in fruits of coriander on the background without fertilizers (in control) averaged 1,30%. The seedbed dressing of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N10P10K10 contributed to an increase of this indicator by 10%, N20P20K20 and N30P30K30 – by 20 and 17%, respectively. The seedbed dressing of mineral fertilizers positively influenced the pickup of essential oils in comparison with the control (11,4 kg/ha) by 3,4 kg/ha (N10P10K10), 6,7 kg/ha (N20P20K20) and 5,5 kg/ha (N30P30K30). In the varieties of Oksanit and Nektar, the average pickup were 18,4 and 18,3 kg/ha, Medun – 15,7; Yantar – 13,5 and Rannii – 10,7 kg/ha. The highest pickup of essential oils (21,9 and 21,6 kg/ha) were revealed in the Nektar and Oksanit varieties at application of N20P20K20, and the lowest – 8,1 kg/ha was in the Rannii variety (in control). | PDF 278-285 |
Formation of chickpea productivity depending on technological factors in the conditions of the left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Formation of chickpea productivity depending on technological factors in the conditions of the left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine Key words: nut, mineral fertilizers, seed inoculation, leaf area, chlorophyll, productivity. According to the results of research carried out during 2015–2017, on the chernozem soils of the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, it was determined that the agronomic techniques of cultivation which were studied and had a positive effect on the formation of the assimilation apparatus of nut. It was the most developed for the combination of presowing seed treatment with Risogumin and the introduction of mineral fertilizers N30P45K45 + N15 (nutritious). In variants with the addition of different doses of mineral fertilizers, by inoculation of seeds, the combination of these agrotechniues, the area of the leaf surface increased with respect to control, respectively, on 3,4–10,6 thousand m2/ha, 0,7 thousand m2/ha and 4,2–12,0 thousand m2/ha. The intensive formation of the leaf surface contributed to the intensification of photosynthetic activity, which ultimately affected on the growth of above-ground bimass and the accumulation of dry matter by nut plants. The intensity of the accumulation of organic overground biomass by plants increased with increasing mineral fertilizer dose, which is evidenced by an increase in phytomass of plants and their totally dry mass, respectively, on 5,1–7,7 and 1,1–2,7 g in regard to control. For sowing inoculated seeds on different backgrounds of mineral fertilizers, the values of these indexes increased, compared with the control variant, respectively, on 6,9–11,0 and 2,2–4,1 g. The overground part of nut plants was most developed in the variant of the combination of inocu-lation of seeds with the microbiological preparation Risogumin and the introduction of mineral fertilizers in a dose N30Р45К45 + N15 (nutrition). In general, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments is critical for the evaluation of the possible activity of photosynthesis of leaf blisters and plants. The most important role in this process is the green pigment – chlorophyll. According to the results of research, the highest content of chlorophyll in the leaves of nut plants was marked in variants with the introduction of N45P45K45, while fractional nitrogen injection at doses of 30 kg dp/ha for basic cultivation and 15 kg dp/ha of the beginning of branching, contributed to the increase the level of green pigment content on 0,67 mg/g of leaf dry matter compared to the single application of N45. This pattern is observed also against the background of mineral fertilizer N30Р30К30. In general, the introduction of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the values of the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, compared with the control version, on 3,54 mg/g, and inoculation of seeds before sowing and the combined effect of fertilizers and bacteritisation, respectively, on 0,61–7,08 and 4,93–8,55 mg/g of dry matter of leaves. The introduction of mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the linear growth of plants, the formation of their individual productivity, as evidenced by an increase in the height of control on 3,5–4,6 cm, the number of beans and grains in them, respectively, on 2,5–4,9 things . and 1,9–3,2 things, mass of 1000 grains on 9,1–16,7 g. The highest values of these indexes were noted in the variants of mineral fertilizers N45P45K45, both with the simultaneous introduction of the all dose of nitrogen for basic cultivation and with the fractional feeding of N15 into the phase of the beginning of branching. Conducting inoculation of seeds for various doses of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the height of nut plants on 5,1–5,5 cm, the number of beans and grains in them – on 3,8–6,2 things. and 3,3–5,1 things respectively, the mass of 1000 grains – on 18–22,3 g, in comparison with the control. The number of plants per unit of area and their individual productivity determined the total yield of nut. The most expedient is sowing with inoculated seeds on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P45K45 + N15 in feed at the beginning of the branching, which allows to increase the grain yield of Nut to 2,54 t/ha.
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Productivity of winter wheat varieties depending on application of growth regulators of plants amino tоtаl in the conditions of irrigation | Annotation Productivity of winter wheat varieties depending on application of growth regulators of plants amino tоtаl in the conditions of irrigation Keywords: winter wheat, growth regulator, harvest structure, productivity, grain quality, economic efficiency. Influence of regulator of height is certain on the indexes of structure of harvest, productivity, quality of grain and economic efficiency of growing of sorts Ovidii, Ledia, Mariia, Kokhana, Anatoliia and Burhunka. Researches were conducted in Institute of Irrigated Agriculture NAAS after methodical recommendations relatively to carrying out the field trials under irrigation. Soil of the experimental field is a durk-chestnut, heavily loamy, salt-marsh with content of humus – 2,3%, by a closeness – 1,3 g/cm², by fading humidity – 9,8%, by the least moisture-capacity – 22,4%. Before sowing there was 1,32–1,51 mg in the arable layer of NO3, Р2О5– 5,38–7,87, К2О – 28,1–30,0 mg on 100 g of soil. Application of regulator of height of plants amino tоtаl increases on 34–92 th./m2 of productive stems and on 1,3–5,8 g mass 1000 grains. If without him the sorts of wheat winter form 529–620 th./m2 of productive stems and 40,3–46,1 g mass 1000 grains, then with him – there is 571–662 th./m2 and 41,6–48,6 g, accordingly. The high especially enough number of productive stems (662 and 660 th./m2 ) is formed by sorts Mariia and Anatoliia, and more large grain (48,6 and 46,8 g) – Ovidii and Ledia. Sprinkling of sowing by the regulator of height amino tоtаl results in the reliable increase of the productivity of all sorts on 0,30–0,66 т/ha (LSD05 for a factor A = 0,08 т/ha). The greatest increase from application amino tоtаl on sorts Mariia and Burhunka, which presented 0,66 and 0,63 т/ha accordingly. Maximal productivity of 7,60 т/ha for bringing of regulator of height Mariia provides a sort. Although on sorts Kokhana and Anatoliia the taken crop of grain was on 0,09 and 0,20 т/ha less, but this difference was within the limits of error of experience. While sorts of Ovidii and Ledia comparatively with a sort Mariia provided the reliable decline of the productivity on 0,49 т/ha. In middle for years researches the most substantial influence on forming of harvest of grain of wheat winter did the regulator of height of plants amino tоtаl, part of which folded 60%, and then choice of sort – 20 %. In most cases of the use amino tоtаl influences on the high-quality indexes of grain. Due to pre-paration content increases squirrel and gluten in grain, and thus, his quality and class rise. It should be noted that among sorts the best indexes of quality of grain had Kokhana, Ledia and Mariia. In the conditions of irrigation treatment of sowing of wheat winter the regulator of height of plants amino tоtаl increases the amount of productive stems, mass 1000 grains and increases the harvest of grain. The greatest productivity of 7,60 т/ha this regulator provided on the sort of wheat winter Mariia. A bit the less productivity is formed by the sorts of Burhunka, Kokhana one and Anatoliia – 7,57, 7,51 and 7,41 т/ha accordingly. The best combination of economic indicators: conditionally net income 20698,4 UAH/ha at the level of profitability 124 % and prime prices – 2196,53 UAH/t have a sort Mariia at application of regulator of height amino tоtаl. Also the high level of profitability (121–123 %) and conditionally net income (2207,08–2222,29 UAH/ha) provide the best varieties of Kokhana and Burhunka.
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Effect of hydrothermal conditions and agrotechnological practices of growing on peculiarities of growth and development of spring barley plants in Northern Steppe | Annotation Effect of hydrothermal conditions and agrotechnological practices of growing on peculiarities of growth and development of spring barley plants in Northern Steppe Keywords: spring barley, growth and development, hydrothermal conditions, biopreparations, mineral fertilizers, predecessors. In the Ukrainian Steppe with its arid climate and fertile soils, quite favorable conditions are created for the formation of high-quality grain of spring barley, but frequent recurrence of spring and summer droughts in this region, which sometimes become threatening (basically insufficient water availability during the period of vegetation) limit the possibility of forming a high level of produc-tivity of culture, which leads to its instability. The results of the research of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and agrotechnological practices of growing on the peculiarities of growth and development of spring barley plant in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine are presented. The research was carried out at the Erastivska Research Station of the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2015–2017. Field experiments were laid after two predecessors (winter wheat and maize) on two mineral nutri-tion backgrounds (without fertilizers and N30P30K30). The middle-early variety of spring barley Sovira was sown. The scheme of the experiment included variants of the use of biopreparations Diazophyte, Phosphoentherin, Biopolycide and microfertilizers Sizam. Fertilizer and biopreparations at the control were not used. The soil cover of the experimental site is presented by common czernozem heavy clayey loam low in humus. The gross content of nutrients in the arable layer of the chernozem of the experimental station varies in the following limits: nitrogen – from 0.23 to 0.26 %, phosphorus – from 0.11 to 0.16 %, potassium – from 2.0 to 2.5 %. There action of the soil solution of the humus horizon of chernozem is close to the neutral, pH of the aqueous suspension is 6.5–7.0. The climate of the region is moderately continental with insufficient and unstable moisture. According to the long-team data of the Komissarovsky meteorological station, the average annual rainfall is 430–440 mm, including during the growing season of barley – about 200 mm. The distribution of their intensity is uneven: 18 % of annual precipitation falls in winter, in spring – 23, in summer – 37 and in autumn – 22 %. The results of observations and experimental research have shown that in general, weather conditions during 2015–2017 in the Northern Steppe zone were characterized by significant fluctuations of hydrothermal indices and significantly influenced on the peculiarities of the growth processes of spring barley plants, which was appeared in a significant variation in the duration of interphase periods of development of culture. The most long was interphase period “sowing – seedlings” in 2015, when the seedlings of barley appeared only 16 days after sowing, which was on 7 and 3 days later than in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Reaching the grain was carried out in optimal conditions of temperature and water. The herbage period of barley was 91 days in 2015, 89 days– in 2016and 88 days– in 2017, respectively. The hydrothermal conditions, predecessors, biopreparations, microfertilizers and mineral fertilizers was influenced essentially the height of barley in general. Plants in the variant with the joint treatment of seeds with biological preparations and micronutrient Sizam were marked with the greatest habitus. This trend has continued for three years. On average, over the years of research, the height of plants in this variant was on 4.8 cm (without fertilizers) and 5.3 cm (N30P30K30) higher than the similar indices in the control variants after the winter wheat predecessor and at 3.9 and 4.2 cm – after corn predecessor, respectively. | PDF 300-306 |
Efficiency of application of plant growth regulator of Chlormeqat-chloride in sowing of winter wheat with the different thickness of sowing | Annotation Efficiency of application of plant growth regulator of Chlormeqat-chloride in sowing of winter wheat with the different thickness of sowing Keywords: winter wheat, norm of sowing of seed, a plant growth regulator of Chlormequate-chloride, height and development of plants, productivity. The norms of sowing of seed and the plant growth regulators played an important role in improvement of technology of production of high-quality grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The plant growth regulators are preparations of delay of height of plants what are the analogues of natural plant hormones. Under the action of this preparations firmness of plants to the unfavorable weather-climatic terms increases. One of the plant growth regulators is Chlormeqat-chloride that is characterized of antigibberellic properties. Aim of researches was to set efficiencyof influence of treatment of sowing of winter wheat of sort Spivanka by the plant growth regulator of Chlormeqat-chloride depending on the norm of sowing of seed on a height, development and forming of harvest at growing in the conditions of north Steppe. Norms of sowing was 3.5; 4.0; 4.5; 5.0 million seeds of ha and action of preparation Chlormeqat-chloride was studied. The plants were processed by preparation in autumn at the beginning of phase of bushing out. During the autumn vegetation the substantial difference in the biometrical indexes of control and experience plants of winter wheat was not observed. In spring after proceeding in vegetation of winter wheat plants treat by Chlormeqat-chloride was on a 7% percent higher than control plants. But already at the beginning of phase of exit in a tube the height of plantsof winter wheat, that was treated by plant growth regulator, becomes less than a control plants (on the average on a 5–7 cm). In spring theplants that was not processed by Chlormeqat-chloride showed growthof height in sowing with the norm of sowing of seed 4.5 million seeds of ha. Mass of 100 absolutely dry plants and an amount of stems on one plant diminished simultaneously with an increase of density of standingof plants. Mass of plants that processed by plant growth regulator was on 6 %greater than at untilled plants on the average on all norms of sowing of seed plants. Anamount of living stems was on 10 % greater at treat by plant growth regulator plants, than at control plants. Amount of appearing new main roots at untilled by Chlormeqat-chloride plants diminished with the increase of density of sowing on 22.6 %. Treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants formed new roots on 15–32 % more at the norm of sowing of seed 4.0 and 4.5 million seeds of ha. Anymore new roots appeared at treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants by comparison to untilled plants – at these norms of sowing of seed – on 29 and 38 % accordingly. Atthe treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants of winter wheat the percent of above-ground massthat was saved after wintering of winter wheatfolded 76,7 % on the average on all norms of sowing of seed and at untilled plants – 73,2 %. During the spring-summer vegetation the investigated factors influenced on a height, development and forming of harvest. Amount of plants on м2 of sowing at the norm of sowing of seed 4.5 million seeds of ha appeared most, both in control (on a 12–27 % on comparison with other norms of sowing of seed) and at treat by plant growth regulator plants (on a20–36 %). Amount of stems on м2 of sowing at the untilled by plant growth regulator plants of wheat averaged 609 things of м2, and in treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants are 576.2 things of м2, but productive stems formed anymore at plants on that plant growth regulator operated (546.2 against 530.1 things of м2). The productive bushyness of plants diminished with reduction of norm of sowing of seed in all variants of experience. Mass of grain from one ear of sowing with a different closeness increased from influence of plant growth regulator within the limits of 3–7 %. Mass of 1000 grains of winter wheat increased under the action of Chlormeqat-chloride. This index was greater for the norms of sowing of seed 4.5 million seeds of ha. The norms of sowing of seed influenced on the level of the productivity of wheat of winter-annual regardless of vegetation weather terms. In 2013, (at unfavorable weather terms) the productivity of winter wheat was most low for researches years (3.81–4.79 t/he). The difference between the harvest of sowing with the minimum norm of sowing of seed (3.5 million seeds of ha)and with optimal norm (4.5 million seeds of ha) was 15.7 % and 21.2 % – at untilled and at treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants accordingly. In 2014, when the greatest crop (5.82–6.79 t/he) was taken, this difference folded 7.7 % and 10.8 %. The treatment by Chlormeqat-chloride increased of theproductivity of winter wheat: on the average on all norms of sowing on 6.0 %; in 2013 – on 4.8 %; in 2014 and in 2015 – on 106 % and 6.8% accordingly. The application of optimal norm of sowing of seed stipulated a difference between control and treat by Chlormeqat-chloride plants on the average at9.2 % in behalf of treat preparation plants (in an unfavorable year – on 8.6 %, in favourable years – 9.3 and 16.6 %). Thus the optimal norm of sowing of seed for the sort of winter wheat Spivanka is 4.5 million seeds of ha. The treatment both of the Chlormeqat-chloride and the optimal norm of sowing of seed stipulated increase of harvest of grain on the average 0.52 t/he.
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Productivity of short-rotation crop rotations for the maximum percentage of soybeans and corn in conditions of insufficient moisture of the left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Productivity of short-rotation crop rotations for the maximum percentage of soybeans and corn in conditions of insufficient moisture of the left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine Key words: crop rotation, maize, soybean, predecessors, saturation, yield, productivity. According to our researches conducted during 1999–2015, it was found out that the average yield of corn in the studied crop variations was in the range of 6,40–6,98 t/ha. The cultivation of corn in the three field crop rotations showed that for placing it after soybean and introducing N50P50K50, the most favorable conditions for the formation of high productivity of the crop, yield of grain at the level of 6,90–6,98 t/ha were created. Corn sowing after corn (option 2) the yield was 6,54 t/ha, which is on 0,36 t/ha or 5,2 % lower than that after soybean. It should be noted that, according to the results of the variance analysis, the difference in the yield of maize grain after corn is not significant, compared with the sowing after soybean, it is within the limits of NIR. In four-field crop rotation, for the placing maize after soybean (option 19), the yield of the crop was 6,69 t/ha or was practically at the level of the indices obtained in tree-field crop rotations. The replacement of corn in crop rotation (option 19) shows decreasing in grain yield, compared with placing after soybean on 0,29 t/ha, despite the introduction. 40 t/ha manure + N90P110K110. The results of the researches show that among all 17 years, the most favorable weather conditions for corn were in 2011, the average yield of grain was 10,5 t/ha, and the worst was in 2012 (3,73 t/ha). Research results also show that the grain yield of corn did not undergo significant changes depending on its share in crop rotation. The conducted researches have shown that the level of yield of soybean seeds more depends on the degree of favorable weather conditions than from predecessors and the degree of saturation of its crop rotation. Thus, on average for 17 years, the yield of soybean seeds, in terms of crop rotation, is 1,82–1,87 t/ha. However, it should be noted that in years with optimum humidity and temperature regime, the yield of the culture is significantly higher than the average value. So, in 2003, the level of soybean yield was 2,15–2,16 t/ha or exceeded the average index on 0,28–0,34 t/ha, in 2007 the yield was 2,26–2,41 t/ha, which is on 0,39–0,49 t/ha more than the average for years of researches, in 2008 and 2015, these values were, respectively, 2,21–2,39, and 2,31–2,32 t/ha and 0,34–0,54 and 0,44–0,50 t/ha. At the same time, in super-arid 2012, the yield of soybeans was only 0,92–0,98 t/ha. The data on the influence of the ratio of sown areas of grain crops on the productivity of short-term crop rotation show that the lowest output of feed units per 1 hectare of the crop rotational area (4,46 tons) was obtained in four-field crop rotation, which is on 25 % saturated with soybean and barley and on 50 % corn on grain. The most productive in collecting feed units per unit of the crop rotation area was the three-field crop rotation in the structure of crops that allocated 33,3 % of the area for soybean, and for corn for grain – 66,7 %. The replacement of maize in the rotation with spring barley (option 11) led to a decrease in the output of feed units with 1 hectare of crop rotation area on 1,36 tons or on 22,9 %. A similar dependence was observed on the collection of crude protein per unit area in crop rotations with a different share in the structure of sowing corn, barley and soybean crops. The research also showed that 84 and 94 grams of crude protein accounted for each feeding unit in the studied crop rotation. This suggests that in the first case the feed unit will contain insufficient amount of protein, and in the second one – to approach the zootechnical norm. The improvement of the values of this index is possible for the introduction of agronomic, organizational measures for increasing the productivity of soybean crops. | PDF 313-319 |
Agriculture
Moisture conservation and productivity of sunflower using a mulch tillage method | Annotation Moisture conservation and productivity of sunflower using a mulch tillage method Key words: sunflower, soil cultivation, post-dormancy remnants, mineral fertilizers, water regime, yield, economic efficiency. The influence of different methods and depth of the main soil cultivation on the chernozem water regime, yield and economic efficiency of growing sunflower in the northern steppe of Ukraine has been investigated with the involvement of 3.4–6.9 t/ha of crop residues of the predecessor (winter wheat) in the cycle. Multicultural cultivation creates on the field a soil protecting surface from plant remains to prevent deflation and flushing, additional accumulation of snow, reducing water drainage and unproductive evaporation. Protective and moisture-saving effects of Agrofons are largely dependent on the number and physical properties of post-dart remnants, as well as the prerequisites for the formation of a continuous mulching screen. Under the influence of straw mulching, the direction and intensity of biochemical processes in the soil, in particular, the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium increases in it, increases the activity of the main groups of microorganisms of the nitrogen series. In the crop layer, due to better supply of energy material, as well as a smaller fluctuation of humidity and temperature, the number of useful fauna increases. According to the records, chisel and sweep-typeequipmentpreservescrop residues of winter wheat best of all. With the average volumeof 5.1 t/ha of the predecessor’s residues involved in the cycle,there remained unopened 3.5–3.8 t/ha of straw (67.3–71.9 %) after the main cultivation and 2.0–2.3 t/ha (38.8–43.3 %) at the time of sowing of oil-bearing crops. The degree of projective cover of the soil surface with plant residues after chiseling and sweep cultivation in the fall was 76–80 % and in the spring it was 61–67%, which indicates a potentially high snow-moisture efficiency and moisture conservation ability of the agricultural background. With the involvement of all the leaf and stem residues of the predecessor, mulch tillageusing chisel and sweep-type equipment contributed, in comparison with plowing, to an additional (45–113 m3/ha) accumulation of productive moisture in a layer of 0-150 cm, an increase in the level of assimilation of fall-winter precipitations up to 45.4–47.8 % and more economical water consumption to create a unit of dry matter of sunflower yield (organo-mineral fertilization).The water consumption coefficient indicated the advantage of the best mulch cultivating options for plowing on the fertilized background, which manifested itself both in the yields of the main products and in the lateral, especially in 2013, when favorable start conditions for the rapid growth of vegetative organs were created on the plots without rotation of the chute. Therefore, despite the higher total costs of moisture for chisel and planar cultivation, the water consumption coefficient here on average for the years of research in the application of mineral fertilizers tended to decrease (444–468 m3/ ha against 456–475 m3/ ha in the plow) With the autonomous use of plant residues (without application of fertilizers), 2.38 t/ha and 2.15–2.31 t/ha of sunflower seeds were harvested after surface tillage and mulching respectively. With the combined application of straw and complex dual nitrogen mineral fertilizers (N60P30K30), both chisel and sweep cultivation were not inferior to plowingin terms of the level of yield of the main product (2.68–2.72 and 2.66 t/ha respectively). The advantage of chiseling was observed when more than 5 t/ha of straw (2011, 2012) were involved in the cycle, while sweep cultivation produced better result when less than 3.5 t/ha of crop residues wereleft in the field (2013). Shallow disk tillage, irrespective of fertilization, led to a decrease in plant productivity compared with thecontrol by 7–10 %. At the same time, the small amount of disk cultivation in terms of the degree of impact on the yield of sunflower fell in the plow, irrespective of the background of fertilizer, an average of 0.17–0.23 t/ha. The use of conventional steam-type cultivators of the type KPS-4 against the background of the small rounding of a large number of straw, deteriorated the quality of pre-planting field preparation and sowing, while the proportion of seed earned by the drill to a lesser depth than the given, reached 18–21%. With the technical support of technological processes, it is difficult to create a crop layer with optimal structure and structure of the soil. In arid weather, the risks associated with the slow development of the root system and the assimilation of NPK mobile compounds (2012) are not excluded. Instead, when intense precipitation falls immediately after sowing of the oilseed crop, in the undersized areas, due to the greater dispersal and moisture content of the upper layer, there is a danger of the formation of a soil crust, which prevents seed germination and withdrawal to the surface of cotyledons. Slight discoloration, irrespective of the background of fertilization, led to a decrease in plant productivity compared with control by 7–10 %. According to the results of economic assessment in cultivation of sunflower after winter wheat using 3.4–6.9 t/ha of straw and applying an optimal dose of mineral fertilizers (N60P30K30), it is expedient to employ resource-saving chisel (14–16 cm) or sweep (12–14 cm) mulch tillage. More economical (compared to plowing (20–22 cm)) sunflower growing will reduce the cost of a ton of seeds by 82–96 UAH and increaseprofitability by 12–15 %.
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Influence of local soil loosening on soy productivity | Annotation Influence of local soil loosening on soy productivity Yu.M.Syromyatnikov Key words: soybean, experience, strip chiseling waste-free processing, plowing,harvest. The methods without turnover of soil are created which create favorable conditions for the growth and development of soybeans and ensure a high yield of grain as compared to plowing. Monitoring the moisture content in the soil showed that before the beginningspring field work in all areas where the without turnover of soil was conducted in the autumn, the moisture content was 0.4–1.3% higher, compared to the plow. At the time of sowing, the moisture content in the soil layer of 0-10 cm was less than that than of without turnover of soil by 0.6–1.3%. This has somewhat aggravated the conditions for germination of soybean seeds, and in this variant of the experiment the field germination of the seed was lower by 0.4–0.9%, compared with other variants. This tendency persisted and in the period of germination soybeans, the moisture content in the ten-cm layer of soil, which was most important for the formation of germination, was on the plow less 2.3–5.6%. In this regard, the plant density in this variant of the experiment was less than in the variants without turnover of soil at 3–5 thousand / ha. The largest plant density and germination were in the case without turnover of soil at a depth of 40 cm with the placement of paws one meter – 536 thousand / ha and 76.6%. This can be explained by the fact that after without turnover of soil, the capillary evaporation from the deep layers is slowed down, the surface drying of the soil decreases, the moisture content is retained, and all this contributes to more active germination of soybean seeds. The difference in moisture content of the soil on the plowing and without turnover of soil were kept till the flowering phase, which is critical in growth anddevelopment of soy. The moisture content of this period in areas without turnover of soil of soil was greater by 0.6–4.8% compared to plowing, which improved the conditions for the growth of soybean, the height of which of the plants on variants without turnover of soil was greater by 2.1–3.8 cm compared to the plants on the control. On all variants without turnover of soil was greater than the control at 0.07–0.15 t/ha. The highest yieldIt was on variants without turnover of soil to a depth of 40 cm – 2,03t/ha.
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Agricochemistry
Features of microelements accumulation by the sunflower plants depending on the level of the mineral nutrition in the conditions of the Steppe zone | Annotation Features of microelements accumulation by the sunflower plants depending on the level of the mineral nutrition in the conditions of the Steppe zone Keywords: sunflower, fertilizer system, microelements, accumulation of vegetative mass, seeds. Prolonged application of fertilizers in crop rotation causes changes in the nutrient regime of the soil, including the content of microelements. However, too high revenues the microelements in the biosphere lead to soil and plant contamination as a result of their excessive accumulation, endangering the health of humans and animals. Given that culture has a wide range of uses, the content of microelements is an important indicator of product quality and determines the balance of mineral composition. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of the work is to establish the patterns of accumulation and distribution of trace elements of leaf blubber mass and sunflower seeds, depending on fertilizer systems of crop rotation in the conditions of the steppe zone. The research was conducted in a stationary experiment of the Department of Agriculture at the Rozovka Experimental Station (Zaporizhzhya oblast). The soil cover of the experimental field – the ordinary chernozem. The content of the humus is 4,8–5,1 %. The provision of soil with moving forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium – respectively, medium, high and high; Mn and Co are high, Zn and Cu are low. In the crop rotation (black pairs, winter wheat, corn for grain, barley, corn, winter wheat, sunflower) studied fertilizer systems: without fertilizers (control); organic – manure, 14,3 t/ha; organic-mineral – ma-nure 7,1 t/ha + N34R21K20; mineral – N58Р41К42. Selection of plant samples was carried out in the develop-ment phase of sunflower: 3–4 pairs of true leaves, complete stiffness. The content of biogenic metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni), metal-toxicants (Pb, Cd) was determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experimental data was processed using mathematical statistics applications in Excel 2010 and Statistica (version 6). A sunflower belongs to the group of crops of high escape microelements. The microelement composition of the vegetative mass of the culture varied, both during the vegetation period and under the influence of fertilizers. The maximum concentration of elements in plants is marked in the phase of 3–4 pairs of true leaves: leaf mass contains 2,0–2,4 times more Zn, 1,5–2,2 times – Cu, 4 times – Mn, than complete rigidity. The content of Co, Ni is less variable. The power supply did not change the nature of the dynamics of microelements content in the plants, but influenced quantitative indicators. Application of mineral fertilizers contributed to a 7–11 % increase in the content of Mn and Ni in the vegetative mass compared with the control variant at the beginning of the vegetation. Conversely, there was a decrease in Zn (10 %) and Cu (by 16 %). The variations of organic and organic-mineral fertilizer systems reduced the absorption of Zn, Mn, Cu (by 6–17 %). The introduction of fertilizers did not significantly affect the content of cobalt. The content of trace elements in sunflower seeds was within the range of indices characteristic of the culture. It was established that on the high agrochemical background the effect of fertilizers had no significant effect on the content of microelements. But there was a tendency to decrease 5–8 % of the amount of biogenic elements (Cu, Zn, Co) on mineral and organic-mineral fertilizer variants in terms of control. This tendency, in our opinion, is due to the high content of phosphorous mobile compounds in the soil. The content of toxic elements (Pb, Cd) in seeds, depending on fertilizer systems varied: Pb – from 0,45 to 0,51 mg/kg, Cd – from 0,043 to 0,049 mg/kg. There is a tendency to decrease their income in the presence of manure in the fertilizer system. Characteristics of biological uptake factor (Ax) were calculated for the characteristics of the accu-mulation of elements by a sunflower plants in conditions of the steppe zone. The largest values of the coef-ficients of biological uptake factor were obtained for Zn (Ax = 1,87–3,58); Cu (Ax = 1,47–2,98) in the vegetative mass of sunflower in the beginning and at the end of the development of the plant. Very weakly in the biogenic migration include Mn (Ax = 0,28–0,78) and Ni (Ax = 0,58–0,93). Cobalt is characterized as an element of average capture at the beginning of vegetation (Ah = 0,76–0,87) and weak accumulation in complete maturation ( Ah = 1,08–1,26). The highest values of biological uptake factor for seeds are marked for Zn (Ax = 17,8–21,9); Cu (Ax = 15,0–17,9); Ni (Ax = 9,39–10,4). These are elements of vigorous biological absorption. Sunflower, in the process of ontogeny, is characterized by intense Cd uptake by the vegetative mass (Ah = 2,0–3,12) and seeds (Ah = 3,59–4,81), and Pb is only the vegetative mass (Ah = 1,42–2,68). The application of all fertilizer systems leads to a decrease in the intensity of plant absorption from the soil of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, Cd and their input into sunflower seeds.
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Economics
Directions of improvement of competitive production of corn grain in Dnipropetrovsk region | Annotation Directions of improvement of competitive production of corn grain in Dnipropetrovsk region Key words: yield, corn, intensification, innovation, hybrids, production costs, prime cost, price, economic effectiveness. Dnipropetrovsk region is the traditionally corn-growing region of Ukraine. Here in the period from 1990 to 2016 were concentrated an average of about 9.4% of its crops. In recent years, in the farms of the region, there was also a significant expansion of the area occupied by grain corn: from 118.6 thousand hectares in 1990 to 339.2 thousand hectares in 2016. It should be emphasized that thanks to the introduction of high – productive hybrids and the activation of innovation activity in the technology of growing this crop in the Dnipropetrovsk region, for the first time was obtained the record total yield of its grain – over 1 million tons. In particular, in 2011 this indicator made up 1,314 thousand tons, in 2013 the absolute maximum – more than 1,315.5 thousand tons was harvested, and in 2015 and 2016 – respectively 1,115.8 and 1,197.6 thousand tons. Such the indicators confirm the real possibilities of increasing the volumes of production of this important grain-growing culture in a specific region of Ukraine. The effective factor determining the level of productivity and effectiveness of corn production is the scientifically substantiated level of concentration of its crops. It has been proved that the highest yield (4.92 t/ha) and profitability (4,809 UAH/ha) have farms with a corn area of over 500 ha. This, in turn, confirms the fact that corn is more rationally grown in large-scale agrarian enterprises. Such farms are equipped with modern advanced technologies, adherence to scientifically substantiated crop rotation, rhythmic production and rational consumption of material and technical and labor resources, etc. The generalization of agro-technological, economic research and forecast calculations conducted in the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its experimental stations for 2017 allows us to predict the production cost of a ton of corn grain at a yield of 3.0 to 6.0 tons per hectare in the range of 3,136 up to 2,209 UAH per ton. An analysis of the level of profitability (unprofitableness) of grain production of this crop shows that the price of corn grain sales should not be less than 3,500–3,700 UAH per ton, in order to provide the average producer the opportunity to carry out an expanded reproduction of production. With an increase of yields to the level of 5.5–6.0 t/ha, the profitability of its production can grow to 45.0–52.2%, and as a result, more favorable conditions for expanded reproduction of production will be created. At the same time, let us also note that the further development of corn grain production will also contribute to strengthening the country's energy security. As a source of renewable energy and economically sound raw material, maize has special place in solution the problem of providing the state with alternative types of fuel and energy resources of its own production, in particular bioethanol.
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Plant phiziology
Anthocyanins contents is maize grain of different colour | Annotation Anthocyanins contents is maize grain of different colour UDC 581.192:633.15 Pselova A. O.*, Derkach K.V., Bielikov Ie. I., Satarova T.M. Grain Crops, 2017, 1 (2), 242–247. SEinstitute of grain cropsof naas, 14 Volodymyra Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, ukrainе, 49027, *e-mail: annapselova@gmail.com Key words: Zea mays L., anthocyanins, inbred line, population, contents, colour. In Ukraine, the work towards the development of maize genotypes with controlled contents of anthocyanins in grain is only beginning to develop. The purpose of our study was to determine the contents of anthocyanins and their glucosides in grain of maize genotypes, which differed in colour of grain. The research material was represented by following maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes: yellow grain inbred line IKC3202, purple grain population K1, and the population C1 with dark blue grain. The contents of antho-cyanins were determined by the modified method of differential spectrophotometry. The total contents of anthocyanins in grain, the contents of 5 fractions of nonglucosylated anthocyanins (cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, malvidin and peonidin) and of 5 fractions of their glucosylated forms (cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) were determined. The total contents of anthocyanins in the investigated genotypes varied within 1385,3–6014,4 mg/kg of grain, that was 0,13853–0.60144% of grain weight. The total contents of anthocyanins in the yellow grain of the IKC3202 inbred line was 1385,3 mg/kg. With the intensification of colour up to purple in the grain of the population K1, this value increased to 2691,0 mg/kg, that was 1,9 times higher. In the dark blue grain of C1-population it was 6014,4 mg / kg, which was 4,3 times higher than in IKC3202 and 2,2 times higher than in K1. Nonglucosylated forms of anthocyanins accounted for about one third of their total amount in the grain of investigated samples. The total contents of nonglucosylated anthocyanins, as well as the contents of their individual forms, with the exception of malvidin in IKC3202 and K1, significantly differed between three genotypes, growing simultanously with the intensification in the specific grain colour. The highest contents of nonglucosylated forms of anthocyanins was for dark blue grain of the population C1 (1973,7 mg/kg). Glucosylated anthocyanins in the studied genotypes comprised about two thirds of their total grain contents. In particular, the contents of glucosylated forms of anthocyanins in grain exceeded the contents of nonglucosylated ones in IKC3202 by 2,7 times, in K1 by 2,9 times, and in C1 by 3,1 times. The total contents of glucosylated anthocyanins, as well as the contents of their individual forms, with the exception of cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside in IKC3202 and K1, also significantly differed between three genotypes and increased from yellow grain to purple and dark blue ones. The proportion of nonglucosylated forms of anthocyanins in the investigated genotypes was within 32,8–37,1 % of their total amount. It decreased with the intensification of grain colour from yellow in IKC3202 (37,1%) to purple in K1 (34,5%) and dark blue in C1 (32,8%). Accordingly, glucosylated forms comprised 62,9–67,2% of the total contents of anthocyanins, depending on genotype. Their part somewhat increased with the transition from yellow grain (62,9%) to purple (65,5%) and dark blue (67,2%). Thus, the analysis of the contents of anthocyanins in grain of maize samples of different colours showed that the change from yellow to purple and blue grain occured primarily due to an increase of total contents of anthocyanins. Colour enhancement is also accompanied with the intensification of the covalent modification of certain species of anthocyanins via glucosylation, resulting in the increase of total proportion of glucosylated forms in purple grain and, in particular, in dark blue grain compared to yellow one. The intensification of colour and growth of the total contents of anthocyanins were accompanied with the redistribution of their individual fractions. First, in the grain of the dark blue colour, in contrast to the yellow one, the contents of malvidin-3-glucoside increased sharply, more than twice. Certain changes touched upon the ratio of other fractions: the proportion of non-glucosylated delphinidin and malvidin, decreased as well as cyanidin and peonidin in both non-glucosylated and glucosylated forms. The fraction of delphinidin-3-glucoside increased, while the proportions of pelargonidin and its 3-glucoside remained unchanged.
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