Grain Crops.-2018.-Vol. 2.-№ 1

 UDC633.15:631.526.322                             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0001

  Dziubetskyi B. V., Abelmasov O. V.  Grain Crops, 2018, 1 (1). 5–13.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

             World maize selection (Zea mays L.) ismainlybasedontheuseofrelatedlinesofvariousgeneticplasmas – Lancaster, Reid, Iodent, andothers. They are created mainly on the basis of special hybrid combinations obtained when crossing the best elite lines.A small quantity of such lines still allows you to synthesize a large quantity of different hybrid structures that react differently to self-pollination.At the same time, further progress in heterosexual selection is ensured by constant improvement of known basic models based on alternative groups of lines.

The characterization and evaluation of test-crosses, while comparing them with the best standards, is a very important link in the selection of a new source material and the improvement of the early-season lines associated with the genetic plasma of  Iodent.It also allows you to set the correct direction of selection of the source material for a more effective result.

 Assessment and selection on a complex of economic-valuable signs of test-crosses of ripening constant lines (DK555, DK714/195, DK744, DK237, DK216, DK234, DK213, DK1274) of plasma Iodent concerning their adaptation to the conditions of the zone Steppe of Ukraine.

The research was carried out in the experimental farm "Dnipro" of the R&D Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine in 2013–2015. The source material was 8 early-season lines of the plasma Iodent: DK555,DK714/195,DK744,DK237, DK216, DK234, DK213 andDK1274.To determine their combination ability, 4 lines were used: testers of different genoplasms: DK247 (Mixed), DK296 (Lancaster), DK272 (BSSS х Laukon), DK951 (BSSS).The standards for testing the test-crosses were hybrids: early-season – Dniprovsky 181SV, Middle-season – Orzhitsa 237MV  and  Medieval – Soloniansky 298SV.

In our research, the test-cross hybrids of constant lines differed significantly in terms of the average population yield of grain over the years. In particular, the grain yield in them varied from 5,72 to 7,34 t/ha at harvest moisture from 11,2 to 21,1%, depending on water supply. In 2013 it was 1,62 t/ha higher than in 2014 and by 0,94 t/ha compared to 2015.At the same time, test-crosses in 2013 on average exceeded the standards of the early-season Dniprovsky 181 SV at 1,19 t/ha and the mid-season standard Orzhitsa 237 MV at 0,18 t/ha, but yielded the medium-season hybrid Soloniansky 298 SV at 1,25 t/ha.In 2014 and 2015 all the test crops slightly exceeded the standard yield of the Dniprovsky 181 SV standard, but yielded to the other two. Regarding the length of the ladder period – the flowering of 50% of the cobblestones, then the test-crosses lines studied on the average for 2013–2015, then it averaged 54,6 days, with fluctuations from 50 to 57 days. This indicator in the standards of hybrids Dniprovsky 181SV, Orzhitsa 237 MV and Soloniansky 298 SV was 53,7; 54,3; 56,4 days, respectively.Testcroses were selected in which the length of the period of the staircase – the flowering of 50% of male and female inflorescences was 1–7 days less than in the early-seasonDniprovsky 181 SV. Among them: DK555 х DK247, DK714/195 х DK296 and DK555 х DK272 which in average for the years of research it was 54; 51,8 and 55 days, respectively. In years the course of our studies, the weather conditions were very constrictive for moisture, so it was possible to observe a significant variation in the height of plants in the test-crosses of constant lines.It's minimum average population (228,2 cm) was noted in 2013, and the maximum (275,0 cm) in 2015, which was close to the standards. The average height of attachment in 2013 they made 83,4 cm. Limits of the studied feature of test-crosses varied from 71,0 to 103,5 cm.The test-crosses on average were at the level with the standard of Dneprovsky 181 SV and they were inferior to the Orzhitsa 237 MV hybrids and the Soloniansky 298 SV hybrid by 3,2and 15,2%, respectively.

The results to the research in the 2013–2015, the reaction to the weather conditions of test-crosses of constant lines was studied, which allowed to reveal the peculiarities of the manifestation of their yield potential and indicators of economic-valuable signs. Highlight test-crosses DK1274 х DK951, DK 1274 х DK 296, exceeded the yield of grain, respectively, by 0,30 and 0,82 t/ha than the medium-season hybrid standard Soloniansky 298SV and indicators of economic-value characteristics at the level or better than standards.

Key words: maize, constant line, germplasmIodent, test-crosse, yield of grain, correlation.

UDК 633.174:631              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0002

 Baisa I. P.  Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1). 14–21.

 SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

                The basis of any selection process is the availability of a source material with a wide genotypic variability along the main economic-valuable traits. In this regard, the mobilization of the genetic diversity of the original forms is the first and very important stage in the development of varieties. The formation and effective use of collections of cultivated plants is of great importance for the implementation of scientific, breeding, training and other programs.

The goal of the work is a comprehensive study, conservation of genetic diversity of sorghum, enrichment of the gene pool with the raw material and its effective use in the selection process.

At this stage of work in the Sorghum Breeding Laboratory of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, a basic collection of sorghum, numbering 591 samples, including grain sorghum – 347, sweet sorghum – 127, broomcorn – 29, sudan grass – 88.

Most of the collection is made up of selection varieties, much smaller – breeding lines,  insignifi-cant – synthetic populations and local varieties.

Сollection samples have a fairly wide range of origin and represent 34 countries around the world. Most of all in the collection of samples from Ukraine – 303, among them a significant part of their own selection. The collection also includes samples from China – 68, the USA – 44, Russia – 40, Hungary – 25.

France– 13. In a smaller number are samples  from  India– 9,  Argentina   and Sudan – 7,  Turkmenistan – 6, Vietnam – 4. In addition, the collection has several samples from 22  other  countries,  including Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Switzerland, Denmark, Greece.  Mongolia, Palestine,  Turkey,  Australia and others.

During 2011–2015 years in the laboratory of sorghum breeding, the samples of the available sorghum gene pool were studied, systematization and description of collection samples according to international catalogs, identification of sources and donors of valuable economic features, identification of variability of quantitative traits, formation of a collections of grain sorghum and sugar sorghum in accordance with the vegetation period.

According to the data of phenological observations, the sorghum collection material, which was in the study, is divided into maturation groups. In addition, biometric measurements of the main quantitative characteristics were carried out: the height of the plants, the size of the panicle and the third on top of the sheet, the thickness of the main stem, the number of leaves on it, the number of stems per plant and others.

          Based on the results of the study, 39 sources of valuable economic characteristics were identified among the collection samples of grain sorghum. Namely: coarse-grained (9), high productivity (9), rapid return of moisture during ripening of grain (9), increased rate of initial growth (4). Among the early-maturing forms, donors were identified for the selection of grain sorghum for precocity (8). In addition, among the samples of grain sorghum, those with the highest yield (6) were identified.

Among the collection samples of sweet sorghum isolated samples with a consistently high content of sugars in the juice (18–21%) and are sources of this feature (8).

Among the collection samples of broomcorn, sources of early ripeness (2), short stature (2), and thin-stalkedness (3) were identified.

Among the collection samples of sudan grass, specimens distinguished by thin-stalkedness (8), intensive initial growth (2), and seed productivity (4) have been isolated. And they are sources of these characteristics.

All samples of the collection are certified and 93% of varieties are stored in the National Storage for long-term storage. The National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine registered 3 samples of grain and 3 samples sweet sorghum, which are characterized by different characteristics parameters, 4 more samples of sorghum are submitted for registration. Formated and presented for registration of the collection of grain sorghum and sweet sorghum according to the vegetation period.

Samples of the sorghum collection, evaluated by a set of economic and biological characteristics, are a valuable source for the creation of new hybrids and varieties of sorghum and are actively used in the selection process.

Key words: sorghum, gene pool, collection samples, sign, sourc.

UDK 633.15:631.52       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0003

 Bielikov Ye. I., Kuprichenkova T. G. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1). 22–28. 

 SEinstitute of grain crops of national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

  Semi-dent hybrid of corn is the most versatile, since yields are not inferior to hybrid of dent corn and are widely
 used for both fodder and nutritional purposes. To create competitive hybrids with cost-effective seed production,
 it is necessary that the maternal form is productive, the parent components bloomed simultaneously, and the seeds were
 obtained on a sterile basis. This is consistent with the model where the maternal form is a simple sterile hybrid of dent 
corn, and the parental form is a flint line is a fertility reducer of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms).

The main objective of our research was to create and comprehensively evaluate new flint corn lines as parent

components for the selection of semi-dent hybrids. 

The starting material for the research was selected 9 new flint lines of corn, created by the standard method

based on the semi-dent hybrid IK 124-1 x IKC 217-342-1. Experiments were carried out at Synelnikovska

breeding and research station of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine during 2015–2017 years.

It is known from literary sources that the corn endosperm consistency is inherited by the additive-dominant

system, therefore, after 3 self-pollination the flint type of grain had 18.4% of the S₃ families, and after 6

self-pollination in S₆– 24.0%. Subsequently, among the families of S₆ were selected 9 flint lines, which fertility

reducer of S-type cms. 

As a result of the conducted research it was established that the manifestation of the main  agrobiological

features in most lines was within the initial forms. The length of the "germination of plant – flowering" period

in the ILK 124/217-39 line was significantly lower than the parent components, the number of kernels

on the ear in the ILK 124/217-32 line, the mass of 1000 kernels in ILK 124/217-39, ILK 124/217-37 and

the pant productivity in the ILK 124/217-32 line. The plant height in the line ILK 124/217-32 was significantly

higher than the initial forms; height of fastening of the ears in the lines ILK 124/217-1, ILK 124/217-2,

ILK 124/217-6, ILK 124/217-14, ILK 124/217-16, ILK 124/217-21, ILK 124/217-32; the number

of rows of kernels in the line ILK 124/217-37; number of grains on the ears in the line ILK124/217-37;

the weight of 1000 kernels in lines ILK 124/217-6, ILK 124/217-32, ILK 124/217-1, ILK 124/217-14,

ILK 124/217-21, ILK 124/217-16 and ILK 124/217-2. The ILK 124/217-1, ILK 124/217-37 and

ILK 124/217-14 lines were the best for a set of valuable traits. They are recommended for the selection of

hybrids of maize according to the heterosis model (Iodent S x Iodent FS) x Co 125/Lancaster RS.

 Key words: corn, selection, initial forms, siliceous line, heterosis model, heterosis group, agrobiological signs.

 UDC 631.364.6                                         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0004

Kirpa N.Ya., Bazileva Yu. S.,Loy O. Yu.  Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1). 29–37. SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

The organization of seed production of any culture is closely connected with the establishment of proper storage of seed.  The smallest period of time is allocated for storage of the seeds of the current year of use, in particular winter crops – wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale),

etc. In such a short period of time, the seeds do not even have time to pass the stage of post-harvest ripening, especially, if you collect it wet and in low temperature. Post-harvest maturation can be accelerated by drying, active ventilation, pre-sowing heating.

The aim of the research is to find out what the biological durability and economic suitability of the seeds is and to establish ways to extend the shelf life of the grain by the example of corn.

Various storage regimes of the cereal masses were established by analysis, in the dry state, cooled and by the method of sealing.  In the experiments, the features of the effect of moisture, temperature and oxygen content in the grain mass on the germination were elucidated.  We considered two methods of storing seeds: in paper bags – under conditions of free moisture-gas exchange with the environment and polyethylene – under conditions of limited moisture-gas exchange.

Analysis of the results of studies showed that the longevity of seeds depends on a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, the main ones being: moisture and temperature of the grain, access to oxygen, the level of damage to the grain mass by microflora during storage.  Depending on the combination of these factors, the shelf life of the seeds is significantly extended or, conversely, markedly reduced.  In addition to the main factors, the biological properties and physiological characteristics of the crop, the conditions for growing it, the timing of the onset of full ripeness, and the technology of post-harvest processing influence the seeds' longevity.

In the course of our studies, it was found that, when stored in the cooling regime, seed germination remained practically unchanged, but the dynamics of germination underwent noticeable changes (Table 5).  For example, at a temperature of 8–10 and 3–5 °C, the seeds germinated, reaching the conditioned values (germination not lower than 92%) already on day 4, and the maximum – on day 7. When stored at low temperatures (-1 – -3 °C),  the dynamics  of  seed germination slowed down: germination on day 4 was 83–92%, and at 7 – 89–95%.  In this case, seeds with lower moisture values were more stable when stored at low temperatures.

In addition to studying the influence of the main factors – moisture, temperature and storage methods, we also investigated the effect of grain size on the storage time.  On the example of winter wheat and corn, it is established that large seeds, with a larger mass of 1000 grains, are more stable and do not lose high germination for a long time.

Other technical and technological factors that cause active respiration, aging and rapid loss of germination are also traumas in the stages of harvesting and post-harvest seed treatment, the content of impurities in the grain mass, infection with diseases, the degree of primary germination, and the like.

In order to mitigate the negative impact of the above-mentioned technical and technological factors in industrial seed production, as a rule, chemical treatment and dressing of seeds with various preparations is used.  Chemical treatment of maize seeds can be carried out in advance, during post-harvest processing.  But recently, due to the unstable realization, the seeds are dressed just before sowing.  Therefore, in order to study the effect of etching, we considered the following options: first – storage and seeding of NOT etched seeds;  the second is the dressing and storage of seeds;  the third is the storage and dressing of seeds before sowing.  During storage and sowing of NOT etched seeds (the first variant), the field germination and yield of maize hybrids decreased significantly.  In the case of seed dressing and storage for a long time, its laboratory germination somewhat decreases due to the toxic effects of the preparations on the fetus.  It was revealed that in the third variant the field germination of seeds increased by 3–8%, and the yield by 0.24–0.95 t/ha (4.1–19.4%) compared to the second one, where the seeds were stored with etched seeds.

  Based on the results of the research, factors that significantly affect the biological durability and economic suitability of seeds are established.  On the type of storage technology (GOST 2240-93), the period of the economic life of the seed is nearly 3 years, the biological durability – 15 years or more, depending on the biological properties of cultural, technical and technological factors of its cultivation, harvesting and postharvest processing of seeds.  To prolong recommended based on the following factors shelf life of the seeds of maize: grain moisture 9–10%, the temperature is 3–10 °C, storage in a sealed condition, moisture limited gas exchange.  If these conditions are met, the seeds do not lose their conditioning germination (at least 92%) for 4–5 years or more.  To determine the germination of seeds that were stored at a low temperature (-1– -3 °C), the germination period should be increased to 10 days.

Key words: seeds of grain crops, long-term storage, biological durability, economic suitability, longevity factors.  

UDC 633.15: 632.954                                         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0005

Kravets S. S., Aldoshin A. V.,  Lyashenko N.O.,  Bernatsky M. M.  Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 38–43.

 SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str.,Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

The specific reaction of seeds of parent components of maize hybrids, different on a genetic basis, on doses of soil herbicide is proposed. Specific doses that can be applied to each of the parent components studied were determined.

Studies aimed at identifying the selective action of herbicides have proven that within the same species there are representatives with different herbicide resistance. Data on different varietal reactions of maize on herbicides have been confirmed in the works of many scientists.

Lack of recommendations for the application of herbicides, in the cultivation of parent components, often leads to an uncontrolled decline in the yield of seeds due to the adverse effects of herbicides on corn plants, and sometimes even until complete culling of seed crops.

The results obtained by us testify to the presence of significant influence of weather conditions on the system "corn plant – herbicide Proponit". The maximum dose of this drug (3.0 l / ha) is characterized by a more negative effect on the similarity of the seeds of parent components of maize hybrids than the minimum (2.0 l/ha). The presence of different reactions of maize genotypes to propionate herbicide was established. The most vulnerable to the action of the herbicide was a subspecies of sugarcorns.

According to the revealed features of herbicide Proponit we recommend the use of this drug in the seed in the areas of reproduction and hybridization of maize as follows:

1. In the cultivation of parent components of the maize hybrids included in the first group (DK232MV, DK 296S sterile, Cross 253S sterile, DK 272C sterile, DK239MV, etc.), whose seeds did not decrease or did not significantly reduce the similarity under the influence of the minimum, and the maximum dose of Proponit, apply from 2.0 to 3.0 liters per hectare, depending on the degree of perturbing sowing.

2. In the cultivation of parent components included in the second group (DK744SVZM, Cross 239M sterile, DK233MVSV, Cross 267 Steril, DK253ZSZM, etc.), whose seeds did not reduce the similarity under the influence of the minimum dose of  Proponit and significantly reduced the similarity under the influence of the maximum dose, apply 2.0 l / ha.

3. In the cultivation of parent components of the hybrids of maize, included in the third group (DK 2 / 427zS, DK 247MV, DK 411M sterile, DK 6496 with M, SV, DK 257zM, SV, etc.), whose seeds significantly reduced the similarity, as under by the influence of the minimum and maximum dose of the drug, use herbicide Proponit is not recommended.

Key words: parent component, self-pollinated line, hybrid, herbicide Proponit, dose of introduction, field similarity.

 UDК 631.581:632.51:633.11                                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0017

 Sudak V. М., Gorbatenko А. І., MatyukhaV. L.  Grain Crops, 2018, 1 (1), 123–131.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

                                 Years-long research aimed at studying the quantitative and mass dynamics and weed species composition and determining the effectiveness of various cultural weed control methods when growing winter wheat on summer fallow was conducted under stationary conditions, on ordinary chernozem (northern steppe), in the field experiment of the Institute of Cereal Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

It has been found that maintenance of the arable land by leaving it fallow for a season is accompanied by an increase in the regenerative capacity of the sow thistle and field bindweed, the appearance of such non-typical weeds for unirrigated farming as dandelion, warmot and pickpocket as well as growth of the common ragweed and pig weed in the fields. Exclusion of the under-winter ploughing system from the technology of preparing a summer fallow leads to the weed seeding and reduction of time intervals between cultivation and infestation in winter wheat crops, which requires one-time application of total herbicides (on stubble) on a summer fallow land or bulk shielding of the soil surface with post-harvest plants.

A smaller number of annual gramineous weeds and fallen sunflower on early fallows compared to autumn fallows was recorded, which is due to dehydration of the upper untilled layer of soil where the main part of seeds is located. Cleavers grass, which starts vegetating early and tolerates shading well and therefore is highly harmful for winter crops, was present on the stubble early fallow. In comparison with other variants of the experiment, ploughing of the autumn fallow contributed to the more intensive germination of late spring weeds because of the better warming of the upper (0-10 cm) soil layer and the decrease in physiological toxicity of post-harvest residues due to their more thorough mixing in the soil environment.

According to our observations, the sow thistle grew and developed better on a sunflower fallow than on a stubble one, especially in wet years. In droughty weather, it often fell into a state of deep conservative dormancy and weakly recovered in the second half of the summer. The regenerative potential and adaptation of the perennial to mechanical control measures increase with decreasing the depth of root cutting in the spring to 8-10 cm and lengthening the time intervals between cultivations to more than 20 days after the weed reaches the shooting stage, i.e., the bud-formation stage. With the beginning of the shooting stage, the sow thistle quickly restores the depleted reserves of inulin (reserve nutrient) in its roots and increases its ability to survive. The field bindweed reacts weakly to the fallow precursor. It is characterized by drought tolerance, has a high regenerative capacity and infests the fallow until winter wheat is sown. The methods of regulation of levels of the fallow infestation with perennials provide for an increase in the number of cultivations and the use of spring-tooth harrows which destruct the roots and shoots of plants very well due to vibration effect of spring teeth.

The struggle with the amaranth and pig weed became much more complicated when nitrogen fertilizers introduced for fertilization were not fully used by the previous crop (spring barley) and stimulated the growth of annual weeds on the fallow; in wet weather, their seeds sprouted throughout the entire period of fallowing.

A high abundance (20-30 pcs/m²) of dicotyledonous annual species, the dangerous babies’-breath in particular, is observed under unfavorable conditions for weed seed sprouting in autumn and sufficient soil moisture during spring tillering of grass after soil mulching. Chemical weeding is necessary when the economic threshold of harmfulness of wild species is exceeded (more than 10% of the total biomass of agrophytocenosis).

With the involvement of all by-products of crop rotation in the circuit, the cultivation of winter wheat on summer fallow (surface spring tillage) requires mandatory fertilization of plants in the spring with nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 45-60 kg d.r./ha (low supply of soil with nitrates) or 30 -45 kg d.r./ha (normal supply of soil with N-NO₃). Optimization of nitrogen nutrition of wheat significantly increases its competitiveness in relation to weeds and ensures an average yield of food grain at the level of 5.52-6.66 t/ha.

Key words: weeds, fallow, winter wheat, soil cultivation, herbicides, grain yield.

 UDC 633.854.78:631.5(251.1:477)                         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0006

 Tkalich I. D., Gyrka A. D., Bochevar O. V., Tkalich Yu. I. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 44–52.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

DniproState Agrarian-economic University, 25 Serhii Efremov str,Dniprо, 49027, Ukraine

                   The article presents the results of research on sunflower growing technology in the Steppe of Ukraine. The influence of crop rotation supply withsunflower and the period of its return to the previous place are shown. The time and methodsof sowing, the density of sunflower plantingand the crop yield of recommended hybrids are investigated. The timeand rateof fertilizer application, physiologically active substances, biological preparations and pesticides are optimized.

In Ukraine, sunflower is the main oilseed crop, which is cultivated on an area of ​​about 5 million hectares. The gross output of sunflower seeds is 9–11 million tons, and crop yields in recent years reached 1,65–2,15 tons/ha. Further increase of the gross output of sunflower seeds should take place without sacrificing the sowingareas, but increasing the crop yields. There are many reserves for a successful solution to this problem. This is confirmed by the best agricultural farms in Ukraine, where the crop yield of sunflower seeds is more than 3,0 t/ha.

Field experiments were carried out at the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS during 2008–2015. The soil of the test plotswas ordinary, heavy-loamychernozem. The humus content is 4,0–4,2%.

By the results of researcheswere established, that among the hybrids of domestic selection,the high rating deserve: Limit, Charodii, Basalt, Antracyt, Sonagro, Sibson, Forward, Riurik, Zorepad, Oreoland others.

According to data of multi-year researches, obtained in the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, were proved, that the return of sunflower to the previous place in 9 years provided the crop yield of seeds 2,63 t/ha, in 5 years – 2,60; in 3 years – 2,19; in a year – 1,63 t/ha, and in monoculture –1,28 t/ha.

An important factor in the effective use of moisture and obtaining thebumper seed crop is the application of fertilizers. Sunflower provides an efficient usage of fertilizer aftereffects and provides an increase in the crop yield for 0,2–0,4 t/ha due to application of mineral fertilizers N₄₀Р₆₀К₃₀before sowing crop. It is the most effective to applythe fertilizers in the autumn before the plowingat depthof 25–27 cm or in the spring just before sowing at depth of 10–12 cm,locally. The increase in seed yield,for 0,15–0,18 t/ha, provides a local placement of fertilizer P₁₀. Also effectiveare liquid complex fertilizers (LCF)of brand (N₁₀P₃₀) at the rate of 1,5–2,0 dt/ha for the basal application.

Thus, based on the data of multi-year researches,the sunflower should be sown in favorable climatic conditions zones. In the cropping pattern it should be no more than 20 % of sunflower, with the return it to the previous place in 4–7 years. For sowing sunflower it is necessary touse only hybrids of high productivity and resistant to diseases. The highest crop yield of sunflower hybrids is provided by placing them after plowing at a depth of 25–27 cm. With reducing the depth of cultivation to 10–12 cm or direct sowing in uncultivated soil leads to a decrease in the yield of sunflowerseeds. An important factor in increasing the crop yield is the use of fertilizers (N₄₀Р₆₀К₃₀), which is better to applybefore plowing or before the pre-sowing cultivation. The high efficiency in the technology of sunflower growing also provides the use of physiologically active substances and biological products. For sowing of sunflower it is need to use the seeds with a weight of 1000 pcs not less than 28 g. It is better to sow the sunflower seeds in spring when the soil is warmed to 8–12°C. Late-autumnsown crops are often died and are effective only in 30% of cases. It is possible to grow sunflower without herbicides, but better results can be achieved with weed control using the soil-applied and post-emergent herbicides. The high productivity can be providedat narrowingthe inter-row spacingout of 70 to 35 cm, which is explained by the best placement of plants in the area. In crops with narrowed inter-row spacingthere are no inter-row cultivations, and the crop density is increased by 8–12 thousand of plants/ ha correspondingly to the optimum crop density at conventionalwide-row spacing (70 cm).

Key words: sunflower, seeds, sowingmethods and time, mineral fertilizers, soil cultivation, herbicides, crop yield.

 UDC 633.11." 324" :631.5                      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0007

 Cherenkov A. V., Gruzinov S. K., Kobos I. O. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1). 53–60.

 SE institute of grain crops of  national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

State Enterprise Experimental Farm "Krasnogradske"

The results of researches on the influence of predecessors, varietal features and pre-sowing seeds treatment on frost and winter resistance of winter wheat in the conditions of the northern steppe of Ukraine are presented. Based on these studies, a significant effect of pre-sowing seeds treatment on the content of carbohydrates in plant tissues was established. It was determined that the minimum amount of sugar in the leaves and nodes of tillering was marked in control, the maximum – in the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment by micro-fertilizer reakom-plus-grain and adisinfectantselest top, which was used in full and reduced by 30% norm of consumption.

According to research results, it was found that the minimum amount of sugar in leaves and nodes of tilleringwas accumulated in the winter wheat growing after sunflower, the maximum one  in black pair. When growing winter wheat after peas, this indicator was characterized by average values.The total carbohydrate content of wheat plants on the above-mentioned predecessors, depending on the varietal characteristics and pre-sowing seeds treatment, fluctuated within a sufficiently wide range. To the end of autumn vegetation, the content of sugar in plant cells on average over the years of research was: in black pair – 39.1–42.7%, after peas – 36.5–39.6% and sunflower – 34.6–37,1%  

It should be noted that pre-sowing seeds treatment by the disinfectantselest top in the full norm of consumption, or reduced by 30% oneand micro-fertilizer simultaneously,in no way affected the total sugar content in the leaves and nodes of tillering. On average, over the years of research, the largest amount of sugar during the winter was consumptioned on plants of Antonivka variety: in black pair – 8.6–9.4%, after peas – 8.0–8.9%, and sunflower – 7.7–8.5%. Less amount of sugar was consumptioned on plants of the Podolianka and the smallest one on Donetsk 48 variety.

A similar tendency to increase the total content of carbohydrates in plant tissues was traced to sites with other predecessors. According to the results of the research, it was found that the maximum values of the frost and winter resistance index were noted in the experiment with seed treatment by selest top and micro-fertilizer reakom-plus-grain during the cultivation of the Antonivka variety by black pair.

 UDC633.16«321»:631.5:631.572(251.1-17:477)            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0008

Mamiedova E. I. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1). 61–66.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str.,Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

 In the Ukrainian Steppe with its arid climate and fertile soils, quite favorable conditions are created for the formation of high-quality grain of spring barley, but frequent recurrence of spring and summer droughts in this region, which sometimes become threatening (basically insufficient water availability during the period of vegetation) limit the possibility of forming a high level of productivity of culture, which leads to its instability.

The results of the research of the effect of biopreparations and agrotechnological practices of growing on the peculiarities of growth and development of spring barley plant in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine are presented.

The research was carried out at the Erastivska Research Station of the State Institution Institute of GrainCrops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2015–2017.

Field experiments were laid after two predecessors (winter wheat and maize) on two mineral nutrition backgrounds (without fertilizers and N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀). The middle-early variety of spring barley Sovira was sown.

The scheme of the experiment included variants of the use of biopreparations Diazophyte, Phosphoentherin, Biopolycide and microfertilizer Sizam. Fertilizer and biopreparations at the control were not used.

The soil cover of the experimental site ispresented by common czernozem heavy clayey loam low in humus. The gross content of nutrients in the arable layer of the chernozem of the experimental station varies in the following limits: nitrogen – from 0.23 to 0.26 %, phosphorus – from 0.11 to 0.16 %, potassium – from 2.0 to 2.5 %.

The reaction of the soil solution of the humus horizon of chernozem is close to the neutral, pH of the aqueous suspension is 6.5–7.0.

The climate of the region is moderately continental with insufficient and unstable moisture. According to the long-team data of the Komissarovsky meteorological station, the average annual rainfall is 430–440 mm, including during the growing season of barley – about 200 mm.

The distribution of their intensity is uneven: 18 % of annual precipitation falls in winter, in spring – 23, in summer – 37 and in autumn – 22 %.

The results of observations and experimental research have shown that in general, weather conditions during 2015–2017 in the Northern Steppe zone were characterized by significant fluctuations of hydrothermal indices and significantly influenced on the peculiarities of the growth processes of spring barley plants, which was appeared in a significant variation in the duration of interphase periods of development of culture.

It was determined that under the influence of biopreparations, the mass of 100 absolutely dry plants increased by 10.7 % compared to the control; 28.6 and 25.0 % (without fertilizers) and by 8.8 %; 20.6 and 17.6 % (mineral background) in the tillering phase after winter wheat and 42.3 %; 66.4 and 55.8 % (without fertilizers) and 61.8 %; 69.2 and 65.2 % in the booting stage after corn. But much more was the weight of 100 absolutely dry barley plants after winter wheat – the excess reached 7.4–7.7 g and 12.4–12.6 g (in the tillering phase) and 78.8–88.2 g and 117.4–126.8 g (in the booting stage). It was established that the largest absolute dry weight of plants was obtained in the areas where a compatible seed treatment with microorganisms Syzam in combination with a microbiological complex were used. It was recorded that in crops after winter wheat, the weight of 100 absolutely dry plants of spring barley exceeded the corresponding mass of plants after the precursor corn at 3.7 g (without fertilizers) and 7.6 g (N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀) in the tillering phase and at 13.9 g and 15,3 g – in the booting stage, respectively.

Key words: spring  barley,  absolutely dry  weight of  plants,  biological  preparations,  mineral fertilizers.

 УДК 633.11”324”(477.63)                   https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0009

Yerashova M.V.  Grain Crops, 2018, 1 (1), 67–73.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

 In the conditions of the Northern Steppe (State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of theNationalAcademy of Sciences of Ukraine) in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 vegetative years (VY) in a bare fallow and after spring barley we have been compared the biometric indices of plants of modern winter wheat (Kochanivka, Misiia Odeska and Pylypivka) during their vegetative stage. According to the zonal recommendations the background fertilizer N₃₀P₆₀K₃₀ in the bare fallow  and N₆₀P₆₀K₃₀ after spring barley to the presowing cultivation was applied. To determine the biometric indices of the plants, the sampling of plants were conducted in different phenological phases on preliminarily fixed plots. The area of ​​the foliage surface was determined by means of multiplication the length of the leaves by their width and by the coefficient for recalculation (for winter wheat it is equal to 0.65). To determine the absolutely dry vegetative mass the plants were dried at a temperature of 105 ⁰C then they were weighed.

Analysis of hydrothermal conditions of fall vegetative period of winter wheat in years of studies have shown that restrictive factor for passing of processes of growth and development of plants in 2015 was the lack of rainfall, and in 2016 – cool weather in October and early termination of the vegetative period. After the non-fallow predecessor in 2015, the seedlings of winter wheat were not marked at all in the autumn, a survey of crops carried out on December 09 showed that at this time, the seeds only began to swell and to germinate in the ground.

But due to the early resumption of plant vegetation in the spring (March 01), as well as in connection with significant excess of the average long-term rainfall indicators in April and May, the state of crops after all of its predecessors in 2015/2016 vegetative years was noticeably improved. At the time of the reproduction of the spring vegetation we observed a large difference in the values ​​of biometric indices of plants that were grown after different predecessors. By bare fallow the number of stems, depending on the varieties studied, was on average per plant from 3.3 to 4.4 pcs.,crown roots – from 4.8 to 5.7 pcs., leaves - from 6.3 to 7.4 pcs. The value of the area of the ​​foliage surfacewas within the range of 13.1 to 16.2 cm², and the absolute dry mass of 100 plants – 30.3–34.4 g. After the spring barley in the extreme weather conditions of the autumn period, the average number of stems was 1.0–2.0 pcs. on the plant, crown roots – 2.6–3.6 pcs., leaves – 2.0–3.0 pcs., the value of the area of ​​the foliage surface was only 1.4–2.2 cm², and the mass of 100 dry plants was 4.0–5.0 g. In the stem extension stage also noted significant differences between the biometric indices of plants that were grown on bare fallow and after spring barley, in ear formation phase these differences for some positions have not been so contrasting.

At the time of the reproduction of the spring vegetation in 2017, the number of stems per plant by varieties in bare fallow varied from 3.0 to 3.6 pcs.,crown roots – from 6.6 to 9.0 pcs., and leaves from 7.4 to 10.2 pcs. After spring barley, the value of similar indicators was respectively within the limits of 3.2–4.0, 7.8–8.0 and 7.4–9.6 pcs.respectively.  In conditions of 2017 in some variants of experiment should be noted an advantage of winter wheat plants after spring barley compared with plants on bare fallow by the number of stems, crown roots and leaves, which can be explained more intense background of mineral nutrition and lower density stand of plants after non-fallow predecessor.

As a result of complex action of weather conditions which were formed during the studies, better plant growth and development of winter wheat on the bare fallow in the spring vegetative period have noted in 2016, and after spring barley in the tillering stage and in the stem extension stage – in 2017. In the ear formation phase in both years of research the winter wheat plants of variety Pylypivkahad a higher height in comparison with others.

Key words: winter wheat, variety, predecessor, biometric indices, vegetative mass of plants, area of ​​foliage surface.

 UDC 631.872                                                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0010

Gavrish S. L., Vinyukov А. А., Bondareva O. В., Chugrii Н. A.  

GrainCrops, 2018, 2 (1), 74–81.

Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station of NAAS, Gagarina 1, Vlg. Grishinо, Pokrovsk district, Donetsk region, 85330, Ukraine

In order to accelerate the selection or reproduction of scarce sainfoin seeds, or for the rational use of land, freshly harvested seeds are often used in summer sowing time. With the summer sowing time, the problem of adapting crops to unfavorable hydrothermal conditions  becomes extremely topical. To solve this problem, it is expedient to use measures aimed at stimulating intensive development of plants at the initial stages of organogenesis.

In previous research, we studied aspects of the adaptability of sainfoin plants by applying a method of improving the seed quality of seeds. It envisaged sowing with peeled seeds, biological protection and stimulation of peeled seeds with bacterial strains of antagonists of phytopathogens, nitrogen-fixing and phosphomobilizing bacteria.

The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of the sowing introduction of granulated biohumus on the plants condition of sainfoin and the yield  in summer crops.

The scheme of the experiment included the sowing introduction of granulated superphosphate in a dose of 10 kg/ha of active ingredient, granulated biohumus in doses of 200, 250 and 300 kg/ha, control – without fertilizers.

Was sowed by the tilled seeds of sainfoin by the sort Amethyst Donetsky in a fourfold repetition by the SKS-6-10 seed drill in an ordinary way with a width of between rows of 15 cm on a depth 3–4 cm. The seeding rate is 4,5 million seeds per 1 ha. Before sowing, seeds were encrusted with Reakom-C-soya micro-fertilizer (3,5 l/t) in combination with inoculation with Aurill biologics (1,0 l/t), Rizobophyte (1,0 l/ton) and Phosphoenterin (1,0 l/t).

The harvest of green mass was accounted in the second year of life, the harvest of the seeds – in the third year.

Observations and calculations were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods: "Methodology of field experience" by B. A. Dospekhov, "Technique of conducting experiments on fodder production", a method for determining the volume of the root system by D. A. Sabinin and I. I. Kolosov.

The sowing with granulated biohumus on the sainfoin at a dose of 300 kg/ha compared to granulated superphosphate at a dose of 10 kg/ha of the active ingredient ensured high field germination (63,3 %), survival of young growth (82,7 %).

After the appearance of the first true leaf on the sites where granulated biohumus was applied at a dose of 250 or 300 kg/ha, the effect of microorganisms as growth stimulants was manifested in more intensive plant development.

At the age of 2,5 months, the average volume of the root system of plant when using biohumus at a dose of 250–300 kg/ha was 6,3–6,4 cm³, which is 12,5–13 % more compared to the control, the number of true leaves – 6,0 pieces per plant, height of plants – 11,4 cm.

After the renewal of vegetation in the spring, the crops of 2 year of life in these areas were characterized by the maximum density of 267–280 plants per m², the  winter hardiness of plant was 88.4–88.9 %, which was on 4.0–4.5 % higher than the control and on 0,3–0.8% than the variant with mineral fertilizers P₁₀.

The best growth of plants contributed to the resistance of plants to pathogens, the overall prevalence of which declined from 19 to 14 %.

Maximum yields of green mass were achieved – 35,20 t/ha (+4,33 t/ha) and seeds – 1,03 t/ha (+0,18 t/ha) and profit – 12322 UAH/ha (+2462 UAH/ha).

Due to high production costs at sowing with granulated  biohumus  at a dose of  300 kg/ha, the profitability index was 2.9 % lower compared to a dose of 250 kg/ha and amounted to 140 %. For the rational use of financial resources in combination with high yields and measures for stimulating sainfoin plants in summer crops, it is advisable to use the  of biohumus in sowing at a dose of  250 kg/ha.

Key words: sainfoin, biohumus, field germination, volume of root system, winter hardiness, yield, profit, profitability.

 UDК 633.11"324":631.5                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0011                                       

Lemishko S. M. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 82–87.

Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian-economic University, 25 Serhii Efremov str,Dniprо, 49027, Ukraine

The current state of the crop production industry in the conditionsof the expansion of value of mineral fertilizers and plant protection means induces to reduce their use, that stipulates necessity of the search, studying and use of alternative sources of nutrients, by means of using of less environmentally harmful biological means, the use of biotechnological agricultural methods, optimization of the resource-saving technological measures, etc.

The purpose of the work is to determine the effectivenessof tank mixtures of modern biological preparations and growth stimulants of plants in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.

The research on the studying of the effectiveness of biological preparations  inthe pea crops (variety Kharkivskyiyantarnyi) was conducted in the farm enterprise "Hryvas" of the Pyatyhatskyi district of the Dnipropetrovsk region during 2013–2017 at the section of crop rotation: peas – winter wheat – sunflower. On the field, as the background fertilizer under basic soil tillage was applicated mineral fertilizers N₂₀P₄₀ for better starting growth of peas.

As the results of the research has been showed, tharall the used biological preparations in pea growing technology were quite effective. Bacterization of seeds and treatment of pea vegetative plants stimulated the activation of growth processes since the beginning of emergence of seedlings, which was confirmed by biometric measurements during the vegetation period of bean culture. Thus, the indices of field germination rate increased relative to the non-treated variant (control) on average by 4.0–7.0 %.

The rate of passage and occurrence of the phenological phases of peas' plants descended on all variants of the applicatedpreparationsalmost simultaneously. Only a small difference in time between fertilized and non-fertilized backgrounds was noted, which was 1–2 days.

The maximum height of the pea plants was formed at the time of grain harvesting in consequence of incrustation with the biological preparation Reacom-C-bean – 29.5 cm and inoculation with phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria (PhMB) – 28.9 cm, which exceeded the control index by 2.9 and 2.3 cm, or 9.8 and 8.0% respectively.

Somewhat lower peas' height values were obtained by spraying of the vegetative plants in a 2–3-leaf phase with a threecomponent mixture (Сrystallone + Agate-25K + Actophyte), namely a decrease in the height of plants by 1.6 cm, or by 5.6 %.

The optimum conditions for the formation of the area of foliage surface in peas plants were dependenton optimization of the nutritional conditions at a combination of different bacterial preparations. Inoculation with phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria on the fertilized background (N₂₀P₄₀) contributed to an increase in the area of foliage surface compared to the control by 13.3 %.

The indicesof photosynthetic potential of the foliar apparatus showed a clear tendency to increase (up to 16–18 %) at the application of microbiological preparations, as well as on the assumption ofoptimization of nitrogen-phosphorus nutrition of the plants. The most intensive measurements of the photosynthetic potential of the foliar apparatus were increased in the interphase periods from budding to flowering, when about 1000 units of photosynthetic potential increased, and from the flowering phase to the formation of grain repeness they decreased almost twice.

Pea harvest estimate also showed high efficiency of the used biological preparations and their mixtures, in particular, the maximum increase in grain was obtained from seed incrustationwith biological preparation Reacom-C-bean – 0.60 t/ha (17.3 %) and inoculation with phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria (PhMB) – 0.46 t/ha (13.6 %).

The application of spraying of the vegetative pea plants in the 2–3-leaf phase with the three-component mixture of Crystallone + Agate-25K + Actophyte was inferior tothe previous variants for grain yielding capacity by 0.34 t/ha (10.3 %) and 0.20 t/ha (6.3 %) respectively, but exceeded the control (without treatment of the biological preparations) by 0.26 t/ha (7.7 %).

The best indicators of economic effectiveness were provided by the following preparations: Reacom-C-bean and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria (PhMB). They provided the maximum income (2200-2300 UAH/ha) and the level of profitability of grain production at the level of 72.8 and 78.0 % respectively.

Minimum indicators of the economic effectivenessprovided the use of spraying of the pea plants in the period of vegetation in the phase of 2–3 leaf withthe threecomponent mixture Cristallone (1.7 kg/ha) with Agate-25K (10 g/ha) and Actophyte (1.33 l/ha).

The income from 1 hectare was 1899 UAH/hectare at the level of profitability of grain production – 62.4 %.

Key words: peas, biopreparations, inlay, inoculation, crop.

UDC 633.11«324»:631.5:631.4                                                                           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0012

 A. D. Gyrka, I. I. Gasanova, T. V. Gyrka, O. I. Bokun.  Grain Crops, 2018, 1 (1), 88–93.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

              The results of the field experiment on production testing and implementation of the systems and introduction the soil tillage and sowing systems of winter wheat are presented. On the results of experimental researches were stated, that the applying the direct seeding of winter wheat using the seeding machine ATD-6.35 contributed to an increase in the indicators of the density of productive stems for 7,4– 20,9%, a decrease in the grain weight out of 1 ear for 0,11–0,27 g and the weight of 1000 grains for 2,8–4,7 g compared with the use of surface tillage and seeding with seeding machine ATD-6.35 and SZ-3.6.

The highest grain yield of winter wheat was formed in the variant that mentioned a surface soil tillage and seeding with ATD-6.35 and was 5,62 t/ha, which was 0,12 and 0,16 t/ha more than the variant using the seeding machine ATD-6.35 without tillage and seeding machine SZ-3.6 on surface tillage. Analysis of winter wheat grain in the phase of full ripeness showed, that the protein and gluten contents of in samples of variants 1 and 2, where the ATD-6.35 was used were higher compared to option 3 and amounted respectively to 12,7–13,3 and 24,0–25,3% which corresponds to the requirements of grain class 2.

Key words: winter wheat, plant, soil tillage, seeding, growth, development, grain, crop yield, quality.

UDC 631.53.04:633.112.1                                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0013

Yarchuk I., Melnik T.  Grain Crops, 2018, 1 (1), 94–100.

Dnipro National Agricultural-Economical University, 25 Yefremova str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе

The article covers questions about the growing technology of winter hard wheat in the conditions of the Northern Steppe. The main part is dedicated to sowing terms and norms. Despite of good conditions for growing hard wheat there is a lack of this culture in Ukraine. High water demand and low winter resistance prevent from increasing of the crop area. In general, of all crops need to be resowed every year. The reason for plant death is not only hard winter conditions but also lack of knowledge of how technological operations influence on adaptive properties and winter resistance. Due to the development of agriculture, new sorts and climate change sowing terms and norms have changed a little. That’s why the main part of the article is dedicated to a finding of the best sowing terms and norms, which influence on the amount of yield and the plant resistance. (Можливі варіанти: In general, Generally, On the whole, )

Field experiments were held on the “Samarsky” study field of Dnipro National Agricultural-Economical University (Dnipropetrovsk region) on ordinary low-humic middle loamy chernozem. During

the experiments, weather conditions, in general, were typical for the Steppe zone. More favorable for the growth and yield development were vegetations of 2013/2014 and 2016/2017 years; less favorable – 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 years.

There is a direct dependence between the level of plant development in autumn and sowing terms. Moving sowing terms from early to later causes decreasing of all biometrical indicators: height, weight of the plant, amount of stems and nodal roots. The highest level of development have plants with early sowing term (10th of September) with a minimum sowing norm (3.5 million seeds per hectare). Mineral fertilizers even at early stages can positively influence on biometrical indicators; plants were developing intensively, gained bigger weight, got a bigger amount of stems and nodal roots.

Higher winter resistance was shown by plants sowed later (24th of September). In general, the younger the plant the higher resistance it has.

Regardless the level of mineral background the biggest yield of winter hard wheat is formed sowing on the 17th of September with sowing norm 4.5 million seeds per hectare. 4.04 tons/hectare on low mineral nutrition and 4.49 tons/hectare on high mineral nutrition.

Keywords: winter hard wheat, sowing terms, sowing norms, growth and development, winter resistance, crop yield.

 UDK 633.15:631.5                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0014

 Moldovan, Zh., Sobchuk, S.  Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 101–108.

 Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Rezearch and Agriculture Podillya  of NAAS, Samchyky village, Starokostyantynivsky district, Khmelnytsky region, 31182,  Ukraine

            The results of researches on the effectiveness of pre-sowing processing of seeds and extra-root crops of corn on the formation of indices of individual productivity on chernozems of podzolized western forest-steppe are presented.  Positive influence of pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of corn crops in the phase of 3–5 leaves and 7–9 leaves was established on the formation of plant height indices, leaf area, number of productive swaths per plant, weights of 1000 seeds and others. 

            On average, over the years of research, the combination of pre-sowing processing of maize-seeded seeds in the early stages of development has ensured an increase in the height of plants of the early-seasoned hybrid DN Meotida at 8,6–24,6 cm or 3,6–10,2 %, mid-morning DB of Khotin –on  4,1–9,9 cm or 1,7–4,0 %.  The area of ​​the leaf surface, respectively, increased by 0,041–0,086 m² or 11,8–24,8 % and 0,043–0,090 m² or 11,8–24,7 %.

            It was found that maize hybrids formed a different number of swaths.  So, in the early maturity hybrid of DN Meotida, the total number of swaths per 100 plants varied from 100 to 150 pcs, while the productive at harvest time – from 100 to 128 pcs.  depending on the ways of feeding, whereas in the mid-day hybrid, DB Khotin – 120–140 swarms and 100–110 swingers, respectively.           

          The calculations showed that the investigated methods of pre-sowing seed treatment and corn-foliar application of corn at different stages of growth provided for an increase in the weight of grain from 1 cork, as compared to control, by 4,2–18,0 g, or 4,0–17,3 %, in the early fall  a hybrid of DN Meotid and 6,0–30,0 g or 5,4–27,1 % – in the mid-day hybrid DB Khotin.  The indicators of the yield of grain from 1 cocoon at the same time increased by 1,6–4,5  % and 1,5–3,1 % respectively.

            However, it has been noted that the investigated methods of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar fertilization of the plants have the greatest impact on the weight index of 1000 grains.  On average, over two years of research, the investigated methods of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding ensured an increase in the weight of 1000 grains of the DN Meotid hybrid on 10,7–24,4 g or 5,2–11,8 %, the hybrid DB of Khotin – by 10,6–32,2 g or 5,5–16,7 %.

             Since, corn plants of the studied hybrids formed a different number of productive swamps, then the individual productivity of the plants was different.  Thus, the average weight of grain from 1 corn plant of the early-stage hybrid DM of Meodide was 111,9–163,6 g, mid-morning DB Khotin – 114,5–178,7 g. The studied variants of pre-seed treatment of seeds and crops provided an increase in the index of individual productivity of corn hybrids  by 12,8–51,7 g and 2,5–64,2 g respectively.

            Thus, the highest individual productivity indices on both hybrids studied provide an option where a complex pre-seed treatment of seeds and crops in the phase of 3–5 leaves and 7–9 leaves of corn is envisaged.

            Key words:corn, microelements, seed dressing, nutrition, individual productivity.

UDK 631.41:631.5                                                                                               https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0015

 Grain Crops,2018, 2 (1), 109–115. Shevchenko  M. S.,  Shvets N. V.,  Shevchenko S. M. 

SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyra Vernadskoho str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

 Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhiya Yefremova Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

On the basis of field stationary experiments the dynamics of the total biological activity of the soil, depending on the biomass of plant residues of crop rotation crops, methods of basic soil cultivation and hydrothermal factors, was studied. It has been established that the release of carbon dioxide from the soil with greater intensity was observed on the background of deep plowing, where better conditions for aeration were and the distribution of plant residues in the profile of the arable layer was more quantitative. Minimal methods of soil cultivation, through consolidation of the soil, led to a decrease in the parameters of the zone of  biotic activity and growth processes of crop rotation crops. It also inhibited total biological soil activity and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide released.

Among the crops of crop rotation, the largest mass of organic matter left behind corn (4,34 tons/ha), and the minimum sunflower (2,24 tons/ha), which determined the potential of biological soil activity. Reducing the depth of the basic soil cultivation is accompanied by an increase of soil hardness and deterioration of its water absorption, which enhances conservative processes and inhibits the decomposition of organic matter. Biological activity of the soil on the background of plowing exceeds the direct sowing by 15–20%.

Key words: crop rotation, soil cultivation, biological activity, organic mass, hardness of soil, crops.

UDC633:551.506:631.559 (251.1)(477)                                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0016 

Chaban V. I., Podobed O. U., Klyavzo S. P., Gorbatenko A. I.  Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 116–122.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14, Volodymyra Vernadakyi Str., Dnipro,  49027,Ukraine

High demand for food and feed grain and oilseeds on the market of agricultural products contribute to the further development of the agrarian sector.  Modern varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops have a high biological productivity potential.  However, in the steppe zone, it is realized at best of 40-50%, which in most cases is associated with the high probability of drying phenomena in the continuation of plant growth.  Therefore, an adaptation of steppe farming to climate change remains a matter of concern.  The purpose of the research is to establish the level of implementation by grain and oil crops of the productivity potential in the conditions of the northern steppe of Ukraine on the background of climate change.

Estimation of the productivity potential of winter wheat, spring barley, corn, and sunflower was carried out by summarizing the harvest data of stationary experiments of soil fertility laboratories, crop rotation and environmental protection systems of soil cultivation (DPDG Dnipro) on control variants and organo-mineral fertilizer system.  Ground cover – the black earth is an ordinary low-humus heavy-bodied.  The content of humus is 4.2–4.3 %.  The availability of moving nitrogen forms is moderate, phosphorus is medium and elevated, and potassium is high.  The assessment of the climatic conditions of 1991–2017 was carried out according to the data of the AMC of the Dnieper, comparing them with the climatic norm (1961–1990).  Data arrays were statistically processed using programs in Excel 2003 and Statistica (version 6).

Formation of productivity of agricultural crops takes place against the backdrop of climate change.  They are manifested by an increase in the temperature regime over the past 27 years (1991–2017).  The average temperature per year, the growth of early cereals and late crops increased by 0.7–1.0 °C, and in January and July – by 1.6 and 1.4 °C.  The number of years with a reliable excess of air temperature ranged from 14 to 19, and their relative repeatability reached 52–70 %.  Occurrence is characterized by high variability and uneven distribution (C_v = 36-60 %).  Despite the growing trend of their annual amount (561 mm), it is statistically not confirmed.  During the years of observation only in 7 cases (26%) their number corresponding to the norm, in 12 (44 %) – a lack of moisture was detected and in 8 (30 %) – exceeding the norm.  That is, in the face of temperature rise, the conditions of moisture do not change.

Zonal chernozems are characterized by high fertility.  In control, the average yield was: winter wheat (steam) – 4.49 t/ha;  after unpaired – 2.52 t/ha; a corn – 4,35 t/ha; a spring barley – 2.39 t/ha; a sunflower – 2,13 t/ha.  The variation of weather conditions during vegetation caused significant fluctuations.  Reduction of non-parietal winter wheat, corn, barley compared to the average was 3.2–3.7 times, and wheat in steam and sunflower – 2.2 times.

The established dependence is confirmed by the variability index (C_v) of the yield data. Only for sunflower, it corresponded to the average level (C_v = 25 %).  For grain crops, the coefficient of variation is high (C_v = 33–39 %). The systematic application of fertilizers in crop rotation positively impacted the productivity of plants. The average yield of crops increased: steam wheat – by 17% (5.24 t/ha);  after non-steaming – by 57% (3.95 t/ha); corn – by 13% (4.91 t/ha); a barley yarrow – by 40 % (3.34 t/ha); a sunflo-wer – by 11% (2.37 t/ha).  At the same time, the variability of the indices of non-wheat and maize crop remained high (C_v = 34–35 %), and steam winter and barley – declined to an average (C_v = 24–30 %).  At the same level (24%) he remained for sunflower.

Using the confidence interval, crop yields are set with a slight deviation from the mean values.  Thus, according to the natural fertility of chernozem, the usual harvest of wheat in a steam range is 4.01–4.97 t/ha, corn – 3.87–4.83 t/ha, barley– 2.10–2.68 t/ha,  sunflower – 2,19–2,56 t/ha is estimated as average.  The grouping of harvest data makes it possible to determine the patterns of distribution and frequency of certain cases, which allows us to assess the adaptive properties of crops to the ecological conditions of cultivation. Against the background of natural soil fertility, only 22–29 % of cereal crops form a crop at the average level, while sunflower – 42 %.  Almost identical was the probability of the formation of a winter wheat crop and maize lower or higher than the average (33–39 and 38–39 %).  Adaptability of barley was inferior – the repeatability of harvests below the average reached 46 %.

There was an increase in the cases of the formation of average and high yields of field crops on fertilizer variants due to effective soil fertility.

Keywords:field crops, productivity potential, adaptive properties, climate change.

UDC 631.1:631.582:633.15:633.34                                                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0025

Artemenko S. F., Kovtun O. V. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 180–193.

SE institute of grain crops of national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

                                 The main task of agriculture is to ensure human needs in food products and animal feed in high quality. The important and real and the most effective way to solve this problem is to expand production of high-energy cereals and grain legumes crops by increasing of the cultivated areas and improvement of the basic elements of technology of cultivation of these crops. In the area of domestic agricultural production solve the problem of ensuring of reliable balance of food and feed grains  is inextricably linked to the stabilization of the production of barley. This culture playing a positive role not only in increasing the productivity of livestock  industry and improving its economic situation but also interested in the production of winter barley.  One of the main grain reserves to increase the productivity of these crops is the introduction of scientifically based crop rotation, cultivation adaptive technology that combines innovative achievements in perspective tillage system, fertilization and protection. The successful combination of these basic elements allows to receive high yields of grain with appropriate resource savings.

In the Erastivska research station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe zone of NAAS of Ukraine in 2008–2015 researches have been conducted to ground  not only agricultural but also economic aspects of expediency of application of different ways of basic tillage, systems of fertilising in short-rotation crop rotation using the soybean,  corn and barley  in the concrete soil and climatic conditions of Northern Steppe. In terms of significant climate change area under crops of winter barley are growing rapidly. Crops of winter barley is almost at the level of winter wheat and greater that grain productivity of spring barley.

The experiment was laid on the background of two ways basic tillage: mould board ploughing and chiseling. We have studied the saturation of crop rotations by soybean: in two-field crop rotation i was 50%, in three-field crop rotation it was 33%, in four-field crop rotation it was 25 and 50%, and by corn in two-field crop rotation it was 50%, in three-field crop rotation it was 33%, in four-field crop rotation it was 25 and 50% respectively. In the three- and four-field crop rotations in order to decrease herbicide load an interrupt rotation of corn and soybeans by one field of barley is envisaged. The systems of fertilization in crop rotation were studied by the scheme: control – no fertilizer, fertilizer use under planned yield according to the results of soil diagnostic for corn – N₉₀Р₆₀К₃₀, for barley – N₆₀Р₅₀К₃₀,  for soybeans –  N₃₀Р₆₀К₂₀ and use of fertilizers in recommended doses: for corn – N₆₀Р₄₅К₃₀, for barley – N₄₀Р₄₀К₃₀,  for soybeans –  N₄₀Р₆₀. Fertilizers introduce in autumn under the basic tillage. Before  earning  their  basic  tillage  into  soil  by  heavy  disk  harrows.

For weed control using the complex of agrotechnical measures (crop rotation, tillage system basic afterplanting weed control methods) and chemical (herbicide harness the use of 2 l/ha of soybeans and corn, and if necessary insurance herbicides recommended for these crops)

The soil place research – ordinary chernozem little by humus. Characterizing the weather conditions during the period of the research should be noted that 2008 and 2011 were quite favorable in respect moisture, and 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 in different degrees dry, very dry was 2012.

The complex nature of the local weather conditions definitely allowed to more fully explore the impact of measures designed performance and features of formation of grain crops in short-rotation crop rotations.

Economic evaluationof the resultsof experimentscarried outaccording to generally acceptedmethods. Basic economicindicators:cost price andprofitabilityof grainproductionwere determinedto evaluate the effectivenessof cornand soybeansgrowing inshort-rotation crop rotation.

In all short-rotations crop rotations more competitive crop rotation system was recommended fertilizer. It was noted increase in grain yield with less fertilizer, while expenditure growth was lower than in options where they are used for the diagnosis of soil.  Chisel plowing in all variants was economically more advantageous compared to plowing, due to lower fuel costs during the execution of the main cultivation.

The biggest cost of products grown in the three-field crop rotation received when entering the field of spring barley, which significantly reduced the grain yield of 1 hectare of crop rotation area. In four-field crop rotation at saturation corn and soybeans and 50% for the use of recommended doses of fertilizer provided somewhat better grain production costs.

The highest indicators of profitability of grain production (123,4 and 121,6%) it was got due to thesaturation of short-rotation two-field (soybean – corn) and four-field crop rotations by corn up to 50% by growing of cultures without chemical fertilizers application.

Experimental data in the study of the efficiency of basic tillage methods and the use of fertilizer in short-rotation crop rotations of corn with soybeans show in condition of low moisture of Northern Steppe promising  implementation of the recommended and balanced system of fertilization, which involves the use in moderate doses of fertilizers on background chisel deep plowing with effective system of protection from weeds with the introduction in short-rotation crop rotation  at least 50% area of rotation under corn which increases productivity and economic efficiency of crop rotation as a whole.

In favorable weather conditions for humidification for the Northern Steppe of Ukraine in the fall, it is advisable to introduce into triple and four-field crop rotation after a predecessor such as soy high-yielding varieties of winter barley instead of spring that provides a significant increase in the productivity of crop rotation and economic efficiency.

Keywords:  plowing, chisel plowing, fertilizer system, short rotation,winter barley, spring barley, soybeans, corn,  costs of production, cost, profit, profitability.