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UDK 631.1:631.815:620.93:633.34         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0078

Soybean is the leading legumes  in the world, the area under soybean ranked fourth, second only to wheat, rice and maize. Soybeans grow over 40 countries with a total area of over 100 million hectares. Such a spread of soya is due to the unique chemical composition, which determines the universality of its use as an important food, technical, fodder and agrotechnical culture.

After the cultivation of soya in the soil remains 60–90 kg/hectare of biofixed nitrogen, it clears the field from weeds, therefore, it is a good predecessor for various crops. At that, for the formation of 100 kg of seeds, this culture needs 7,2–10,0 kg of nitrogen, 1,7–4,0 kg of phosphorus and 2,2–4,4 kg of potassium. The present amount of macro-element of phosphorus in our soils is not enough and it is necessary to ensure the needs of soybeans throughout the growing season.

In the Erastivska research station of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAASof Ukraine in 2011–2015 researcheshave been conducted to ground  not only agricultural but also economic and energy aspects  of growing soybeans with the effective use of water-soluble compounds of phosphorus with incrustation of seeds and foliar fertilization of soybeansin the concrete soil and climatic conditions of NorthernSteppe.

The soil research site is ordinary little humus heavy loamy chernozem. Characterizing the weather conditions during the period of the research should be noted that 2011, 2013 and 2015 were quite favorable in relation of moisturing, and 2014 were drought in different degree, uttery drough appeared 2012.

The complicated local character of the weather conditions, in a certain way, allowed to more fully study the impact of the measures developed.

According to the results of the researches, positive effect of sunflower seeds treatment and plant nutrition has been established, namely: application of 200 g/t of water-soluble phosphorus-containing preparation Antistress for incrustation of soybean seeds, in combination with the pretreatment, ensured the formation of high productivity – 2.58 t/ha. At the same time, the lowest cost was noted, and profitability was at the level of 167  %. Induced feeding with Antistress (1.5 l/ha) slightly inferior to economic indicators – the cost increased by 5%, and profitability decreased by 13 percentage points. Regarding energy indicators of soybeans it is established that maximum accumulation of gross energy is formed on variants with the use of a pretreatment granivite and a preparation Antistress for seeds treatment and its application into the phase of the third triangular leaf. The highest coefficient of energy efficiency 6.9 was obtained with the use of an anti-stress and antistress agent for seed treatment

Keywords: soy, costs of production, cost, profit, profitability, total energy expenditures, energy consumption, energy efficiency coefficient.

UDC 631.1:631.582:633.15:633.34                                                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0025

Artemenko S. F., Kovtun O. V. Grain Crops, 2018, 2 (1), 180–193.

SE institute of grain crops of national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

                                 The main task of agriculture is to ensure human needs in food products and animal feed in high quality. The important and real and the most effective way to solve this problem is to expand production of high-energy cereals and grain legumes crops by increasing of the cultivated areas and improvement of the basic elements of technology of cultivation of these crops. In the area of domestic agricultural production solve the problem of ensuring of reliable balance of food and feed grains  is inextricably linked to the stabilization of the production of barley. This culture playing a positive role not only in increasing the productivity of livestock  industry and improving its economic situation but also interested in the production of winter barley.  One of the main grain reserves to increase the productivity of these crops is the introduction of scientifically based crop rotation, cultivation adaptive technology that combines innovative achievements in perspective tillage system, fertilization and protection. The successful combination of these basic elements allows to receive high yields of grain with appropriate resource savings.

In the Erastivska research station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe zone of NAAS of Ukraine in 2008–2015 researches have been conducted to ground  not only agricultural but also economic aspects of expediency of application of different ways of basic tillage, systems of fertilising in short-rotation crop rotation using the soybean,  corn and barley  in the concrete soil and climatic conditions of Northern Steppe. In terms of significant climate change area under crops of winter barley are growing rapidly. Crops of winter barley is almost at the level of winter wheat and greater that grain productivity of spring barley.

The experiment was laid on the background of two ways basic tillage: mould board ploughing and chiseling. We have studied the saturation of crop rotations by soybean: in two-field crop rotation i was 50%, in three-field crop rotation it was 33%, in four-field crop rotation it was 25 and 50%, and by corn in two-field crop rotation it was 50%, in three-field crop rotation it was 33%, in four-field crop rotation it was 25 and 50% respectively. In the three- and four-field crop rotations in order to decrease herbicide load an interrupt rotation of corn and soybeans by one field of barley is envisaged. The systems of fertilization in crop rotation were studied by the scheme: control – no fertilizer, fertilizer use under planned yield according to the results of soil diagnostic for corn – N₉₀Р₆₀К₃₀, for barley – N₆₀Р₅₀К₃₀,  for soybeans –  N₃₀Р₆₀К₂₀ and use of fertilizers in recommended doses: for corn – N₆₀Р₄₅К₃₀, for barley – N₄₀Р₄₀К₃₀,  for soybeans –  N₄₀Р₆₀. Fertilizers introduce in autumn under the basic tillage. Before  earning  their  basic  tillage  into  soil  by  heavy  disk  harrows.

For weed control using the complex of agrotechnical measures (crop rotation, tillage system basic afterplanting weed control methods) and chemical (herbicide harness the use of 2 l/ha of soybeans and corn, and if necessary insurance herbicides recommended for these crops)

The soil place research – ordinary chernozem little by humus. Characterizing the weather conditions during the period of the research should be noted that 2008 and 2011 were quite favorable in respect moisture, and 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 in different degrees dry, very dry was 2012.

The complex nature of the local weather conditions definitely allowed to more fully explore the impact of measures designed performance and features of formation of grain crops in short-rotation crop rotations.

Economic evaluationof the resultsof experimentscarried outaccording to generally acceptedmethods. Basic economicindicators:cost price andprofitabilityof grainproductionwere determinedto evaluate the effectivenessof cornand soybeansgrowing inshort-rotation crop rotation.

In all short-rotations crop rotations more competitive crop rotation system was recommended fertilizer. It was noted increase in grain yield with less fertilizer, while expenditure growth was lower than in options where they are used for the diagnosis of soil.  Chisel plowing in all variants was economically more advantageous compared to plowing, due to lower fuel costs during the execution of the main cultivation.

The biggest cost of products grown in the three-field crop rotation received when entering the field of spring barley, which significantly reduced the grain yield of 1 hectare of crop rotation area. In four-field crop rotation at saturation corn and soybeans and 50% for the use of recommended doses of fertilizer provided somewhat better grain production costs.

The highest indicators of profitability of grain production (123,4 and 121,6%) it was got due to thesaturation of short-rotation two-field (soybean – corn) and four-field crop rotations by corn up to 50% by growing of cultures without chemical fertilizers application.

Experimental data in the study of the efficiency of basic tillage methods and the use of fertilizer in short-rotation crop rotations of corn with soybeans show in condition of low moisture of Northern Steppe promising  implementation of the recommended and balanced system of fertilization, which involves the use in moderate doses of fertilizers on background chisel deep plowing with effective system of protection from weeds with the introduction in short-rotation crop rotation  at least 50% area of rotation under corn which increases productivity and economic efficiency of crop rotation as a whole.

In favorable weather conditions for humidification for the Northern Steppe of Ukraine in the fall, it is advisable to introduce into triple and four-field crop rotation after a predecessor such as soy high-yielding varieties of winter barley instead of spring that provides a significant increase in the productivity of crop rotation and economic efficiency.

Keywords:  plowing, chisel plowing, fertilizer system, short rotation,winter barley, spring barley, soybeans, corn,  costs of production, cost, profit, profitability.