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UDC 633.854.78:631.416.9                                                                                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0132

A. D. Gyrka, I. D. Tkalich,Yu. Ya. Sydorenko, O. V. Bochevar,  T. V. Gyrka  

State Institution The Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS Ukraine

Experimental researches were carried out in the experimental field of the laboratory of agro-biological resources of spring cereal and leguminous crops of the Erastivka experimental station of the SI The Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS of Ukraine (SI IGC NAAN) of the Piatyhatky district of the Dni-propetrovsk region during 2016–2018 in grain-fallow-row-crop rotation after spring barley as a predecessor. Agricultural technology in experiments was common for the zone. The trial establishment, carrying out an experimental studies, records and observations, and sampling were carried out in accordance with the methodology of field experiment and the generally accepted methodical recommendations of the SI IGC NAAN. Weather conditions during the 2016–2018 for humidity and air temperature were moderately favorable for the germination of the seeds, growth and development of sunflower plants.

It was established that, depending on the variant of preparation use, compared to the control, the height of sunflower plants increased by 5.0–12.9 cm, the diameter of the capitulum – by 2.8–4.1 cm, the we-ight of seeds from the capitulum – by 2.3–4 , 1 g, weight of 1000 seeds – 6.3–8.7 g. The best results of indicators of growth intensity, development and formation the elements of yield structure of sunflower hybrid Jason are received in a variant with foliar feeding of crops in a phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves by preparation Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, which provided an increase in sunflower seed yield relative to the control of 0.39 t/ha. Twice foliar fertilization of sunflower crops: in the phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves – Humivit Extra and in the bud stage – Humivit Amino with application rate 0.2 l/ha of each increased the yield of sunflower seeds relative to the control by 0.23 t/ha. At pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds with Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, sunflower yield was 2.23 t/ha, which exceeded the control by 0.16 t/ha.

Key words:sunflower, humic preparations, plant growth and development, elements of crop yield structure, crop yield. 

UDC 633.11«324»631.8/.581.1

Gasanova I. I., Yerashova M. V., Pedash T. M. 

Grain Crops, 2020. 4 (2).257–262.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

The influence of nitrogen top dressing on the yielding capacity and grain quality of modern varieties of soft winter wheat in the Northern Steppe were discovered. The field trial was placed on the bare fallow. The rate of application of mineral fertilizers under presowing cultivation was N₃₀P₆₀K₃₀. Three varieties of winter wheat was sown: Kokhanka (SI The Institute of Grain Crops), Pylypivka and Misiia Odeska (Selection and Genetic Institute).

The sowing time of the winter wheat is September 20, the sowing rate is 5 million germinable seeds per 1 ha. The following nitrogenous fertilizers were used for the top dressings: ammonium nitrate and carbamide. Ammonium nitrate was applied at the end of the spring tillering stage by means of a seeder locally (30 and 60 kg/ha of active substance) end carbamide (30 kg/ha of active substance) and a tank mixture of carbamide (30 kg/ha of active substance) and fungicide Falcon (600 ml/ha) – in the earing phase foliar. It is established that top dressing of the winter wheat crops at the end of the tillering stage locally with ammonium nitrate contributed to an increase in yield of varieties by 0,34–0,64 t/ha,  moreover the maximum yield gains were for the application of fertilizers in the rate of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen.

A significant increase in yielding capacity was provided by the treatment of crops in the earing stage with the tank mixture of carbamide  and fungicide. Nitrogen top dressings, as a rule, had a positive effect on both the physical indicators of the winter wheat grain (grain weight per hectoliter and vitreousness) and biochemical indicators (protein content, gluten content, sedimentation rate). It is found, that the varieties Kokhanka and Pylypivka in all variants of the experiment formed the grain weight per hectoliter over 800 g/l. In these varieties the content of protein and gluten were higher.  In the strong grain quality varieties Misiia Odeska and Pylypivka in comparison with the variety Kokhanka (valuable) were noted higher values ​​of sedimentation.

According to the set of indicators, food grain of the second class was obtained in Kokhanka variety in the variant where the tank mixture of carbamide with fungicide was used for crop treatment, and in Pylypivka variety – for top dressings of crops at the end of tillering stage locally (N_30–60) or N₃₀ foliar.

Keywords:winterwheat, variety, bare fallow, nitrogen fertilization, yielding capacity, protein, gluten.

UDC  633.112.1»324»:631.811.98:632.11

YarchukI. I., MelnнkT. V., MorhunO. V.

  Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 263–271.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25, Yefremova str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе

The growth of gross grain may be obtained only with growth of agrotechnical methods. Therefore there is a need for further investigation of the complex influence of the main technical means on plant growth and development. It is necessary to define an influence of multicomponent drugs on the wheat  win-

ter resistance and productivity.

To solve this task, field investigations were held for conditions of northern Steppe aiming to define regularities of growth and development, winter resistance forming, and productivity of the hard winter wheat depending on growth regulating drugs, different levels of mineral nutrition, and different predecessors.

The investigation (2013–2017) was held on the training field “Samarskiy” of Dneprovskiy National Agrarian-economical University (Dnipropetrovsk oblast) on common chernozem soil with low contains of humus medium loam. The square of the field 30 sq. m., three times frequency, allocation is systematic. In general, the weather conditions for years of the investigation were specific for the Steppe zone.

It was defined that depending on the presence of the main factors of life sustenance, the influence of studied drugs (which contain different organic and non-organic elements) varies a lot but there are some regularities.

At the worst conditions (after a stubble predecessor and with low level of nutrition) the drugs have shown minimal influence on wintering of the hard winter wheat. So, the maximum increase of nutrition the drugs can give (drugs “Mars ELBi” and “AKM”) only at 2.6 % higher than at the control, which is not so significant. Minor increase or even decrease of wintering caused by usage of the studied drugs was noticed also at the best background (fallow land, N₃₀Р₆₀K₄₀). The best cryoprotection was obtained with the drug “Vympel”, which increased the plant survival at 8.6 % comparing with the control.

The same regularities of the influence of complex drugs depending on the background are found at the productivity forming as well. At follow land in conditions of sufficient nutrition the effect of the most studied drugs hasn’t increased or was insignificant.

Chlormequat-chloride 750, as opposed to multicomponent drugs, has shown consistent and positive effect in conditions of high background.

Among studied drugs the best sustainability in increasing grain productivity of the hard winter wheat has shown drug “Mars ELBi” used in spring after the vegetation renewal (daily-average temperature +10 ^оС) with norm 750 ml per ha.

Key words: hard winter wheat, growth regulator, winter resistance, productivity, grain quality, cost efficiency.

UDC 633.16«321»:631.559/.8                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0135

Gyrka A. D., Tkalich I. D., Sydorenko Yu. Ya., Bochevar O. V.  

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 272–280.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе

One of the ways to improve the nutritional conditions of plants and therefore increase the productivity of agrocenoses of spring cereals, is the use of mineral fertilizers, both in their main application and in the spring fertilization of vegetative plants. And that is why the purpose of study was to improve agro-technical measures for growing spring barley, which would be based on the use of biological potential of the crop and the use of resource-saving technologies in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.

The study was conducted at the Erastivka Experimental Station of SI Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS during 2017–2019, according to generally known methods. Soil of experimental field – ordinary chernozem, low-humic, loamy. The humus content in arable soil layer (0–30 cm) – 4,0–4,5 %, total  nitro-gen – 0,23–0,26 %, phosphorus – 0,11–0,16 %, potassium – 2,0–2,5 %, pH of water extract – 6,5–7,0.

Field experiments were laid in six-field crop rotation after predecessor winter wheat. In experiments seeded spring barley of variety Stalker with seeding rate 4,5 million of grains/ha. Soil preparation, sowing, care of crops and harvesting were carried out strictly according to the zonal recommendations. Variants in a field experiment designed systematically, with three replications. Accounting plots area – 25 m².

 Arid conditions of Ukraine’s Steppe zone is quite complex. Two-thirds of land in Ukraine referred to zone of risky agriculture, but even here you can use 30–50 % and more of varieties capacity, in consideration of importance the local gene pool in creating highly adapted varieties based on local varieties and using the developed agrotechnical growing measures, that promotes plants to be resistant to dry conditions of Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Weather conditions during the investigation were different, which made it possible to fully assess its impact on grain productivity potential of spring small cereals.

Phenological observations, analysis of yield structure elements and grain productivity of spring barley of variety Stalker when grown without fertilizers and fertilizing with N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ as well as the use of different terms and doses of foliar fertilization of plants with ammonium nitrate and humic preparation humisol plus in conditions of Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented.

It was found that the growth, development and formation of productivity elements of spring barley plants were significantly influenced by the timing and dosing of fertilization. Earlier fertilization of plants with ammonium nitrate and humisol plus, carried out on seedlings and in the tillering phase, contributed to better plant growth and development, formation of productive tillering and yield structure elements, compared with fertilization in the phase of stem elongation as in the variant of fertilized background (N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀), as in the variant without the using of mineral fertilizers.

Key words: spring barley, mineral fertilizers, foliar fertilization of plants, elements of head structure, grain yield.

UDC 633.16           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0136

Vinyukov O. O., Dudkina A. P., Shevchenko T. V. 

Grain Crops, 2020, 4 (2). 281–288.

Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station NAAS, st. ZashchitnikovUkrainy, 1, Pokrovsk, Donetsk region,

85307, Ukraine

Barley is a crop, requires the availability of available nutrients in the soil, especially at the beginning of the growing season. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the aftereffect of using vermicompost when growing spring barley on different backgrounds in the Donetsk region.

The   studies  were  carried  out  according  to  the  methodology  of  the  field  experiment  of  B. A. Dospehova. Research methods: field, supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations and observations.

The studies were conducted in 2017–2019 by laboratory-field method in field crop rotation in the experimental sections of the Donetsk SSES NAAS. The repetition in the experiments is 3-fold. The location of the plots is systematic.

The soil is alkaline-chernozemic carbonate, having an average supply of mineral nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, low – potassium. The humus content of 4,2 % indicates a high potential soil fertility, but to realize the potential of the culture, additional application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is necessary.

The technology for growing crops is generally accepted for the farms of the region, with the ex-

ception of the factors studied. Variety of barley spring Avers.

The experience scheme provides for: control (without fertilizers); background – saturation of crop rotation with vermicompost granular 2 t/ha; background + N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀; background + N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀; N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀.

The use of organic fertilizers under the predecessor in crop rotation provided  improve  nutriti-on conditions for plants, which positively affected the growth and development of spring barley plants. So, on the variants with the use of mineral fertilizers, the highest indices of the number of productive stems and the structure of the crop were noted in the background. The variant where N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ was added in the background produced the largest mass of 1000 grains – 49,8 g, which is 4,6 % higher than the control.

Analysis of the study indicates the positive effect of the aftereffect of organic fertilizer (vermicompost) on the yield of spring barley.

The maximum yield of spring barley was obtained against the background of aftereffect of vermicompost 2 t/ha and the application of mineral fertilizers N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ – 5,05 t/ha, but due to high production costs, the profitability level is 114,9 %. The application of organic fertilizers under the background provides a yield of 3,67 t/ha and the highest level of profitability of 140,6 %.

The  optimal  technological option  provides  for the introduction  of  mineral fertilizers  in  the norm N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀  amid  predecessor saturation with  vermicompost. This allows increasing the yield up to 4,90 t/ha (by 1,46 t/ha or 42,4 % to the control) and obtaining a profitability level of 136,1 %.

The use only of mineral fertilizer N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ in severely arid weather conditions of the steppe zone allows increasing the yield by 0,70 t/ha compared to the control but, due to the high cost of production, leads to a low production profitability of  99,6 %.

Key words: spring barley, background, vermicompost, mineral fertilizers, yield, economic effici-ency.

UDC 631.5:633.85    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0137

Hubenko L.V., LyubchichO.Y. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 289–295.

National Science Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", 2b,  Mechanical Engineering str., smt. Shepherds, borough Kyiv-Svyatoshynskyi region Kyivska, 08162, Ukraine

Recently, scientists and producers have been paying increasing attention to niche crops that are able to significantly diversify the monocultural oil field of dominance in the crop rotation of sunflower, soybean and rapeseed. In today's climate, one of these crops is mustard, which at the same time, with the ability to form stable yields of seeds and raw materials of good quality, is distinguished by its relative unpretentiousness to external factors. Purpose. Improvement of elements of technology of cultivation and determination of their influence on productivity of mustard white. Methods. The studies involved the use of standardized methods: field – to determine the yield, biometric records and measurements, laboratory – to determine the agrophysical properties of the soil, the content of the basic nutrients in it, to determine the structure of the crop; calculated – evaluation of the economic efficiency of the elements of white mustard growing technology studied; statistical – analysis of variance.The article presents the results of studies to study the effect of different doses of fertilizers, micro fertilizers on seed yields and oil the content in white mustard seeds. Optimal parameters of elements of technology of cultivation of mustard white, which provide maximum yield in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Ukraine, are established.As a result of the research, it was found that the highest seed yield of white mustard seed (2,58 t/ha) with oil content (43,29 %) was provided by the application of fertilizer with fertilizer at a dose of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ and foliar feeding with Tropicel. The significance of the influence of the investigated factors on the crop yield is estimated. It was established that in 2016–2018. factors in terms of the degree of influence on the yield of the white mustard variety Belaya Princess in terms of importance can be arranged as follows: mineral fertilizers – 14.3 %, treatment of crops with micronutrient fertilizer Tropikel – 52.2 %. Cost-effec-tiveness analysis showed that profitability (225 %) and profit (UAH 32158) reached the highest values by growing white mustard using technology that involves the introduction of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ and foliar fertilization of Tropikel microfertilizers.

Keywords:mustard white, mineral fertilizers, micro fertilizers, yield, seed quality, cost-effectiveness, Tropicel.

UDC 631.547.3:631.331        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0138

Syromyatnikov Yu. N. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (1). 296–304.

Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture. P. Vasilenko, 44, Alchevskikh str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine

The article presents the results of studies to determine the efficiency of growing spring barley depending on the methods of direct sowing in technology, which is based on the use of combined machines. It is proved that due to the use of a direct sowing seeder, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil, in front of the openers of which wavy discs are installed, the grain yield increases on average by 20 % compared to the control. Moving at high speed, the wavy discs loosen relatively narrow soil strips into which the seeds are laid by the openers, this makes it possible to more efficiently retain moisture, which subsequently significantly affects the dynamics of seedlings and the yield level of spring barley grain.

The smallest weed infestation of crops was in the case of sowing with a seeder with combined cutting-type working bodies and disc coulter systems with support-press wheels. Weeds were counted after the emergence of barley seedlings.

The greatest soil hardness was observed when using a seeder with disc working bodies, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil. Statistical processing of the data indicates that depth has the greatest effect on soil hardness, its influence accounted for 96 %. The force of impact on soil hardness of sowing methods was 0.76 %. The density of the soil in the zone of development of the root system of plants in all variants of the experiment did not go beyond the optimum. Before harvesting, the moisture content of the upper soil layers in variants with direct sowing was 3–5 % higher, and the moisture content of the lower layers was less by 1–2 % than in the control (the reliability of the data was determined using Fisher's criterion and was 95 %, and the difference between experimental options was significant).

Key words: yield of barley, sowing, method, technologies, seeders, quality, local loosening.

UDC 504:620.9        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0139

Furmanetc Y. S., Furmanetc M. H. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 305–312.

Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissyaof NAAS, 5, Rivnenska str., Shubkiv, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325,Ukraine

The results of studies on the effect of density, fertilizer and soil type on miscanthus productivity in Western Polesie are presented. It was found that the average yield of dry biomass of 15.5 t/ha was obtained on a dark gray loamy soil for a planting density of 20 pc/ha., and fertilizer application at the rate of N₆₀Р₂₀₀К₂₀₀.

The application of mineral fertilizers (N₆₀Р₂₀₀К₂₀₀) on dark gray light-loamy and sod-podzolic sandy-sandy soil provided the highest increase in dry mass yield (up to control) of 2.9–3.4 t/ha.

As the results of research have shown, the dry matter yield varies significantly under the influence of certain factors.

Thus, in four years on average the highest dry matter yield was obtained on condition of planting density of 20 thousand pcs./ha and application of N₆₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ on both dark gray light loamy soil and sod-podzolic sandy soil, 15.5 and 13.1 t/ha respectively.

The lowest yields on two types of soils were obtained on condition of planting density of 10 thousand pcs./ha in the trial field without fertilizers (check) – 12.0 t/ha and 9.1 t/ha on dark gray loamy and sod-podzolic light sandy soils, respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N₆₀P₁₀₀K₁₀₀ ensured increase in the yield by 1.8 and 2.2 t/ha of dry mass on two types of soils. Increasing the dose of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers up to 200 kg. d.r./ha contributed to an increase in the amount of dry mass to 15.0 and 10.1 t/ha compared to the trial field without fertilizers.

The results of the research confirm the fact that with the increase in grain planting density and application of mineral fertilizers, the yield of miscanthus biomass increases, thus, the yield of solid fuel and energy increases as well.

Consequently, the highest fuel yield of 17.1 t/ha with the energy yield of 271 GJ/ha was ensured by the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N₆₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ and an increase in planting density to 20 thousand pcs./ha on dark gray light loamy soil.

The lowest productivity at this density was characterized by the option without fertilizers (check) - 12.2 t/ha of dry biofuel and 194 GJ/ha of energy.

Planting miscanthus plantations with the density of 15 thousand pcs./ha for four years on average reduced the yield of biofuel to 11.0 t/ha and energy to 175 GJ/ha in the trial field without fertilizers (check). However, the lowest amount of biofuel of 10.1 t/ha and energy yield of 159 GJ/ha was obtained in the trial field without fertilizers at the planting density of miscanthus of 10 thousand pcs./ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N₆₀P₁₀₀K₁₀₀ and N₆₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ contributed to the increase of the above indices to 13.5 and 14.7 t/ha of dry biofuel and 215 and 235 GJ/ha of energy, respectively.           

Keywords: miscanthus, dry biomass, solid biofuels, energy, soil.

UDK 633.15.631.5      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0140

DudkaM.I., YakuninO.P., PustovyiS.I. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 313–318.

State Institution Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14, VolodymyraVernadskoho Str.,Dnipo, 49027, Ukraine

            The influence of foliar top dressings on the background of mineral fertilizers N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ and N₆₀P₄₅K₄₅ on the leaf surface area, grain yielding capacity and economic indices for the griowing of maize hybrids after sunflower was studied. It is found that against the background of fertilizer N₆₀P₄₅K₄₅ compared to N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ leaf area of ​​one plant was greater by 7.0 %. Under the influence of foliar top dressing, this indicator increased by 7.7–25.6 %. The middle-early ripening hybrid had advantage in terms of leaf surface area. The yielding capacity of maize on the background of mineral fertilizers N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ was 4.76 t/ha, on the background of N₆₀P₄₅K₄₅  – 5.20 t/ha.

            In the case of foliar top dressing with Carbamide at a dose of 10 kg/ha, grain yielding capacity  increased compared to the control (without dressing) by 0.20 t/ha, at the dose of 20 kg/ha – by 0.24 t/ha. The addition of Zinc chelate, 1.5 l/ha, to 10 kg/ha of Carbamide, provided an increase in grain yielding capacity compared to the control by 0.30 t/ha, and up to 20 kg/ha of with Carbamide of ​​Quantum-corn, 3.0 l/ha – by 0.34 t/ha. In the case of two foliar top dressings: with Carbamide and Zinc chelate in the phase of 5–6 leaves, Carbamide and the preparation of Quantum-corn in the phase of 8–9 leaves, the grain yielding capacity was higher than in the control by 0.41 t/ha. According to this indicator, the middle-early ripening hybrid DB Khotyn exceeded the early-ripening hybrid DN Pyvykha by 0.50 t/ha.

            The cost figures of 1 ton of grain was lower for growing middle-early hybrid with a single spraying of crops with Сarbamide or Carbamide with the addition of microelements on the background of fertilizer N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ (2159–2259 UAH) and slightly higher (2212–2301 UAH) – on the background of N₆₀P₄₅K₄₅ medium-early hybrid on the background of N₆₀P₄₅K_45. The conditional net income with a single spraying of Carbamide (10214–10327 UAH/ha) and slightly less (10095–10164 UAH/ha)  –Carbamide with the addition of Zinc chelate or Quantum corn. The level of profitability was highest (89.9 %) at growing of medium-early hybrid on the background of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ and spraying crops with Carbamide, 10 kg/ha (5 % solution).

            Key words: maize, fertilizer, foliar top dressing, hybrids, yielding capacity, economic efficiency.

UDC 633.1

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (1). 53–63.

Cherchel V. Yu., Shevchenko M. S.   

SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskogo Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

The analysis of the ways of implementation of the national program "Grain of Ukraine – 2010" is given. Proposals for the main agro-environmental and economic parameters of the program of production by 2030 100 million tons of grain, methods of forecasting gross grain harvests, agro-climatic potential of agricultural zones, capacity of grain market, dynamics of innovative progress, results of zonal tests of varieties and technologiesis presented. The complex of regulatory factors included the assessment of the fertility of zonal soils, the yield potential of promising varieties, the level of technical support for growing of crops, the effectiveness of fertilizer systems, the protective functions of pesticides and environmentalmeasures.

Three models of development of the grain production industry are proposed: intensive, agro-ecological bio-conservative, ecologically-economically balanced. It is calculated that the agro-ecological conservative model will contribute to the reduction of the use of production resources, the radical reduction in environment pollution by aggressive chemical substances, the creation of bio-conservative and recreational zones. Climatic deformations, change of zonal weather conditions and their influence on yield, structure of acreage in agricultural regions were traced. Methods of using mineral fertilizers and increasing their payback in the system of various agro-technologies of moisture-saving and ecological direction are recommended.

Widespread use of crop by-products as a major factor in regulating soil fertility has been proposed. The question of introduction of differential tillage in crop rotation is discussed and agro-physical characteristics of soils are given depending on plowing, disking, chiseling and No-till system. The basic tendencies of improvement of agricultural machinery, energy saturation, minimization of energy consumption, increasing of labor productivity, improvement of quality of soil cultivation operations and harvesting are shown. The proven priority of varieties and hybrids with a yield potential of 10–15 t/ha is substantiated.

The advantages of targeted use of a complex of measures against harmful organisms are clearly demonstrated.

Keywords: grain, program, climate, soil, structure, crop rotation, fertilizers, cultivation, varieties, protection, technologies, methods