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UDC 636.4.082.43                                                                                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0172

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 153-160

V. I. Khalak

SE Institute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro,  49009, Ukrainе

The research results of the total lipoproteins concentration in the blood serum of young pigs of Large White breed, their fattening and meat qualities were provided, as well as the cost-effectiveness of research results was calculated. The researches were conducted in “Druzhba - Kaznacheivka” agricultural limited liability company of Dnipropetrovsk region, in the Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of Agricultural Resources of Agro-Industrial Complex of Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University, “Jazz” Meatpacking Plant and Livestock Laboratory of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. The work was performed according to the research program of NAAS of Ukraine No.30 "Innovative technologies of breeding, industrial and organic production of pig breeding products" ("Pig breeding"), state registration number 0116U001247).

The object of the study was young pigs of Large White breed. Evaluation of animals for fattening and meat qualities was carried out considering the following indicators: average daily live weight gain during the control period of fattening, g; age of 100 kg live weight reaching, days; fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; length of chilled carcass, cm; loin eye area, cm²; posterior third weight of chilled half carcass, kg (Assessment method of boars and sows…, 2005). A comprehensive assessment of young pigs for fattening and meat qualities was calculated according to the B. Tyler’s index (Vashchenko, 2019), biometric indicators - according to the Lakin’s methods (1990). Economic efficiency of research results was calculated according to the generally accepted practice (Method of definition of economic…, 1983).

It was found that the total lipoproteins concentration in the blood serum of young pigs in the experimental group corresponds to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals and is equal to 611.36 ± 43.872 mg%. The animals of this production group and breed complied with the elite class according to the age of 100 kg live weight reaching (days), the fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (mm) and the chilled carcass length (cm). Significant correlations were established between the indicators such as total lipoprotein concentration (mg%) and the chilled carcass length (r = - 0.622, t_r = 4.20), fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (mm) (r = -0.652, t_r = 4.55), average daily gain in live weight during the control fattening period (g) (r = +0.492, t_r = 2.99). The cost of additional products obtained from young pigs with B. Tyler’s index of 160.14–174.04 points is equal to +1245.64 UAH/head.

Key words: young pigs, fattening and meat qualities, complex assessment, index, variability, correlation, economic efficiency.

UDC 636.2.034.06.082.4 (477)                                       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0173

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 161–166.

Khmelnichy L. M., Khmelnichy S. L., Karpenko B. N. 

Sumy National Agrarian University, 160, Herasym Kondratiiev St., Sumy, 40021, Ukraine

The research results about intensity of influence by leading hereditary factors (conditional pedigree of Holstein stud bull, pedigree value of the father, genotype of the father, line of father and mother) on the development of linear traits of first-calf cows of Ukrainian Black and White Dairy breed in the conditions of the herd of a Private Enterprise "Burynske" of Pidlisnivka branch of Sumy district.

The assessment of the conformation type of first-calf cows at 2–4 months after calving according to the linear classification method was carried out by two systems: 1) linear description of 18 conformation traits according to 9-point scale; and 2) 100-point scale for classification by four complexes of breeding traits which characterized: dairy type, trunk development, state of legs and morphological qualities of udder.

The influence of genotypic factors on the linear features of the conformation was studied by one-way analysis of variance based on the ratio of factorial variance to total. According to the research results, the influence coefficients in the total phenotypic variability for individual linear traits are high and reliable. It was found that the group traits of the conformation are determined by the pedigree value of the father by 24.7–34.4 %, and the final type assessment is determined by 49.5 %. Accordingly, the intensity of influence on the linear group traits of the father's genotype (23.3–31.9 and 47.4 %) and the father's line (24.1–34.5 and 47.7 %) was established at the same level.

Based on the research results, the monitoring expediency of controlled herds by the conformation, and the identification and use of development patterns of the linear type traits of the animals, depending on the genotypic factors in the breeding process of the commercial herd formation were substantiated.

Key words: Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, conformation, power of influence, breeding value, genotype, line.

УДК 636.237.1.082.14.[4777/251.1]                                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0174

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 167–179.

Pishchan I. S., Pishchan S. G., Lytvyschenko L. O., Honchar A. O., Silichenko K. A.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25, S. Yefremov St., Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine

It was found that the live weight of Brown Swiss cows increased from the first lactation (394.5 kg) to the third-fourth, and reached at average of 654.9 kg. At the same time, the indicators of cow productivity and the milk quality dynamically increased, their ratio was an individual reaction of the lactating organism depending on the metabolic processes.

The researches were performed on healthy livestock of Brown Swiss breed at the dairy production complex "Yekaterynoslavskyi". The feeding of lactating cows was carried out from the feed table with mixed rations, in which the concentrated feed accounted on average of 43–46 % of metabolic energy. And during first days of lactation the 400 to 620 g of feed per 1 kg of milk was added. During the standard lactation, the of milk fat and protein production on average of herd is quite high and averaged 641.8 kg for the ratio of these components at 1.08.

It is proved that stimulation the lactation function by feed not always correlated to high metabolic processes of whole herd. Thus, for 41.7 % of the first-lactation heifers, the milk fat content was 1.05 times less than the milk protein content, and the ratio of these components does not exceeded 0.95, while 58.3 % of the same herd had a ratio within the standard – 1.19. In cows of the second lactation (66.2 % of the herd) and the third – fourth lactation (65.7 %) – the ratio of fat and protein in milk was 1.01 and 0.99, respectively, which indicated an abnormality of metabolic processes due to the development of subclinical acidosis.

It was found that the average daily milk yield of the first-lactation heifers of Brown Swiss breed at the pathological state of metabolic processes was higher by 8.7 % (P<0.01) than normal, for animals of the second lactation – by 10.3 % (P<0.05), and for cows of the third – fourth lactation– by 8.8 % only. The total milk yield at the standard lactation of these cows exceeded norm within the standard deviation.

Key words: Brown Swiss cattle, live weight, lactation, milk yield, mass fraction of fat and protein in milk.

UDK 636.4:082                                                                                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0175

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 180–187.

Khalak V.I. ¹, Chernyavsky S.E.¹, Gutyj B.V.², Bordun O.M.³, Stadnytska O.I.⁴ 

¹State Institution Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi st., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

² Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after S.Z. Gzhytskyi, 50, Pekarska st., Lviv, 79010, Ukraine,

³Institute of Agriculture of the Northern East NAAS, 1, Zelena St., Sad settlement, Sumy region, 42343, Ukraine

⁴Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region, 5, Hrushevskoho, st. , Obroshino village, Pustomyty district, Lviv region, 81115, Ukraine

The article presents the results of research on the reproductive qualities of sows of Large White breed, as well as the assessment of animals of this production group on some integrated indicators. Based on experimental data, criteria for selection of highly productive animals were developed and the economic efficiency of research results was calculated.

It is established that sows of the controlled herd are characterized by high indicators of reproductive qualities. Their prolificacy was 11.1 heads, milk yield – 51.9 kg, nest weight at the time of weaning at 60 days of age – 176.4 kg. These indicators correspond to the elite class and class I in accordance with the current Instructions for valuation of pigs. According to the M. D. Berezovskyi's index and the comprehensive indicator of reproductive qualities of the sow, the sows of class M⁺ were characterized by the maximum indicators of prolificacy and nest weight at weaning in 60 days of age. The difference in these indicators compared with same sows of classes M⁰ and M^– equaled 4.2–4.1 head, and 58.8–61.0 kg, respectively, and was statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between absolute and integrated indicators of reproductive qualities of sows ranges from -0.307 to +0.967. The number of reliable correlations between the features of reproductive qualities of sows and evaluation indexes were equal to 90.00 %, which indicated the effectiveness of their use in breeding work in the field of pig breeding. The criterion for selection of highly productive sows according to the M. D. Berezovskyi's index is the indicator 40.18–50.58, the comprehensive indicator of reproductive qualities of the sow – 132.90–184.11 points. The maximum increase in additional products was obtained from sows of the elite class (+11.42 %), M⁺ according to the M. D. Berezovskyi’s index (+16.40 %) and the comprehensive indicator of reproductive qualities (+16.77 %). The cost of additional products from animals of these groups ranged from +272.09 to +399.75 UAH/head.

            Key words: sow, reproductive qualities, integrated assessment, variability, correlation, economic efficiency.

UDC 636.4.085.5                                                                                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0176

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 188–193.

Maystrenko A. N., Dimchia G. G., Petrenko V. I.

SI Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

The study was carried out in the conditions of "Agro-Elita" LLC Dnipropetrovsk region on the livestock of Large White pigs. The objects of the study were breeding boars and sows.

It was presented the experimental data on the reproductive qualities of sows. The growth and development of offspring up to 45 days of age were following: in the experimental group the stillborn piglets was less by 3.87 % compared to control; born with weight less than 1 kg – less by 15 heads or 4.73 %; born with weight of 1 kg and more – more by 56 heads or 19.18 %. On average the 1.8 heads of viable piglets were additionally obtained in each litter, and the nest weight at birth of the experimental group exceeded by 3.4 kg or 26, 35 % (P <0.001) the control group. An obvious indicator was an increase of milk productivity, namely: in the control group the average daily milk ejection by one sow for the entire lactation period was 6.00 kg, and in the experimental group – 7.88 kg, which was by 1.88 kg or 31.33 % more. The difference during lactation period (45 days) per nest is also in favor of the experimental group. For the entire period of sucking, one piglet consumed mother's milk in the experimental group as compared with the control one by 10.19 % more. The daily gains in live weight of piglets for 45 days of the suckling period were: in the experimental group – 372 g, in the control group – 290 g, and the difference in the physical weight of piglets also in favor of the experimental group – by 3.80 kg or 26.38 % more (P <0.001 ).

The adjustment of mineral elements in rations of breeding stock pigs by means of the author's balancing feed additives maximally approximated them to physiological needs. This led to an increase in metabolic processes in animals and subsequently had a positive effect on their productivity, growth and development of offspring.

Key words: breeding boar, sow, piglets, rations, feed additives, minerals,reproductive capacity.

UDC636.4.082.43                                                                                           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0146

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 372–377  

V. I. Khalak, S.Ye. Cherniavs’kiy, P. T. Chegorka

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе

The article presents the results of studies of the physicochemical properties of the muscle tissue of young pigs of the large white breed, taking into account their intrabreed differentiation by some biochemical parameters of blood serum, and the correlation links between the signs are determined.

The control fattening of young pigs of large white breed was carried out in the conditions of the farm according to the "Methodology for assessing boars and sows for the yield of offspring in the minds of breeding plants and breeding reproducers". In the blood serum of 5-month-old animals, the cholesterol content (mmol/l) and the concentration of total lipoproteins (mg%) were determined. The physicochemical properties of the longest back muscle (m. Longissimus dorsi) were studied taking into account the following indicators: "water-holding capacity, %", "active acidity 24 hours after slaughter (pH), acidity units", "color intensity, units extract х 1000","tenderness, s "and" losses during heat treatment, %". Biometric processing of the obtained data was carried out according to generally accepted methods using the Data Analysis software module in Microsoft Excel.

It was found that the biochemical parameters of blood serum (cholesterol content (mmol/l) and the concentration of total lipoproteins (mg%) in young pigs of the Large White breed correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. The number of samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle (m. Longissimus dorsi) of the category "high quality "according to the indicators" tenderness, s "and" water-holding capacity, % "is 9.09%, according to the" color intensity, units. х 1000" – 18.18%. Reliable coef-ficients of pair correlation are established between the following pairs of signs: concentration of total lipoproteins х active acidity 24 hours after slaughter (pH) (+0.618), concentration of total lipoproteins х water-holding capacity (+0.712), cholesterol content х tenderness (+0.726), cholesterol content х losses during heat treatment (+0.784).

Key words:muscle, tissue,young pigs, blood,biochemical parameters, serum.

UDC 636.2.082.13 (06)                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0147

Kozyr  V.S.,   Denisyuk O. V.,  Dimchia G. G.,  Maystrenko A. N. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 378–386.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr  Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

The study of the gene pool of gray Ukrainian cattle on the basis of the State Enterprise “Polivanovka” was carried out in 2018–2020. They relied on retrospective and modern analysis of the population, using genetic, immunogenetic, breeding, zootechnical, statistical and biometric methods. The animals of this herd belong to two lines: Petushok 191U (62 %) and Shamrin XU-41 (38 %) and 20 families. They have a sturdy, dense and rough type of constitution. Average somatometric indicators correspond to the standard. The breed has good slaughter performance and beef properties. Slaughter yield in bulls reaches  58–59 %,  fat – 2.5–3 %, protein: fat ratio – 1: 1.5, pulp in the carcass – 72–73 %, bones – 16–17 %, meat index – 4, 4–4.5.

Animals with a high coefficient of inheritance pass on to their descendants specific breed characteristics (color, shape of horns, physique, acclimatization to various natural zones, adaptation to feeding conditions, increased resistance, small fruit size, long growth, stress resistance).

The use of modern techniques made it possible to test erythrocyte antigens, serum proteins, isozyme erythrocytes and tissues, as well as polymorphism, the length of restriction DNA fragments. Of the 49 antigens of blood groups, 48 ​​were found. There was a high frequency of them (45–92 %) A, G3, C1, C2, R2, W, X1, X2, E, F, Y, J, H1, Z and much lower ( 2–10 %) P1, P2, B1, J2, P1, R, C1, L, H2.

Over the past 30 years, the number of alleles of the most informational system B has decreased from 41 to 14, among them breed-specific B, B2, G3, J1, Q, T1, G2, K, V, E, O. The narrowing of the allelic pool to this level indicates that the breed is on the verge of extinction.

Analysis of biochemical markers of blood serum proteins albumin and post-albumin was found in three phenotypes AA, BB, and AB, post-transformation – also in three phenotypes FF, FS, and SS. In terms of hemoglobin, all studied animals of the herd are of type A. Restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed polymorphism only for endonuclease Eco 471.

Modern selection and genetic methods are able to maintain and preserve the specific properties of the breed, its structure, and genetic variability. Their use in combination with technological methods helps to prevent the disappearance of livestock and provide it with a worthy place in the world heritage of genetic resources. Our proposals are summarized in the "Concept of purposeful conservation of gray Ukrainian cattle and their use in the further breed-forming process."

Key words: cattle, gray Ukrainian breed, condition, direction of use, offers.

UDC 636.22/28.082   https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0148

Gonchar A. O., Pishchan I. S., Litvishchenko L. O., Pishchan S. G.  

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 387–395.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25,  Sergiya Efremova str., Dnipro, 46000, Ukraine

In the article are considered the effect of postpartum course and periodicity of manifestation of dystocia and reproductive capacity of Holstein cows of different age.

The experimental part of the research was performed at the industrial complex for milk production of cows of Holstein breed of “Agro-Soyuz”. Assessment of ease of calving in cows of different age was determined in points (V. Berglund, J. Phillipson et al., 1987): 1 – easy calving; 2 – normal calving, only some help is required (slight dystocia); 3 – heavy calving, full intervention is required (dystocia). And was determined the live weight of the calves (kg).

It is found that about 83 % of cows the calving pass easily enough. At the same time, more than 10 % of the calving, operators had to spend only the final help of the calves release from the animal's birth canal. However, almost 7 % of calving animals care required sufficiently substantial assistance, which included several operators.

It is proved that the age of the cows is not crucial, which determines the dystocia. In this case, a direct relationship was established between the live weight of calves at birth and the display of dystocia during calving of cows. The live weight of the newborn at 37 kg causes a slight dystocia, and weighs about 39 kg – a dystocia. The live weight of the calves at birth at the level of 34 kg provides a normal course of calving. In 74.4 % of first-heifers there is a complication of recovery of the reproduction system after calving. The rate of cows in fourth lactation  is quite high – 72.5 %. Close to this indicator are characterized by cows of the second lactation, in which symptomatic infertility is 69.6 %.

The average index of insemination is 1.9 units is typical for cows with a normal postpartum period. Symptomatic infertility leads to a lengthening of the service period by almost a month, compared to calving cows and the postpartum period proceeded normally. Heavy dystocia during calving is characteristic of 12 % of the animals, which were predominantly cows of the first calving.

Keywords: holstein breed, service period, calving, index of insemination, dystocia, symptomatic infertility.

UDC 636.4:082          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0149

Khalak V.I. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 396–403.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

The article presents the results of studies of indicators of reproductive qualities of sows of large white breed of various intrabreed differentiation according to some evaluation indices, the criteria for selecting highly productive animals and the economic efficiency of their use are determined. On the basis of experimental data, аppendix 10 to the Instruction on the grading of pigs (correction factor for correcting the weight of the piglet nest at weaning at 60 days of age) has been modified and a new method has been developed for assessing sows according to the indicator "uniformity (uniformity) of a sow's nest in terms of live weight of piglets at weaning time" (IVG₆₀).

            The studies were carried out in the «Druzhba - Kaznacheevka» JLLC in the Dnepropetrovsk region and the animal husbandry laboratory of the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS. The work was carried out in accordance with PSR NAAS No. 30 “Innovative technologies for pedigree, industrial and organic production of pig products (“Pigbreeding”). The assessment of sows in terms of reproductive qualities was carried out taking into account the following characteristics: multiple fertility, head, large fertility, kg, number of piglets at weaning time, head, nest weight at weaning time, kg (actual), nest weight at weaning time of 60 days, kg (calculated), safety, %. A comprehensive assessment  of sows  in  terms  of  reproducti-ve qualities was carried  out  according to  breeding  indices of  reproductive  qualities  of  sows  (SIVKS) (A. N. Tserenyuk et al., 2010), the index of N.D. Berezovsky (cited by P. A. Vashchenko, 2019), biometric processing of research results – according to the methods of G. F. Lakin (1990).

It was found that 26.4 7 % of sows of the controlled herd, according to the characteristics of reproductive qualities (abundance, head, nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 60 days (calculated), kg) belong to the elite class, 65.44 – I class, 7.35 – II class. The number of animals, according to the average score, are categorized as "out of class" is 0.73 %. The multiplicity of  sows is  11.1 ±  0.15  heads.  (Cv = 15.76 %), large fruit – 1.41 ±  0.009 kg (Cv = 7.88 %), the number of piglets at weaning time – 9.7 ±  0.13 head (Cv = 16.60 %), weight nests at the time of weaning, kg (actual) – 74.3 ± 0.85 kg (Cv = 13.48 %), weight of the nest at the time of weaning in 60 days, kg (calculated) – 175.9 ± 2.160 kg (Cv = 13.43 %), safety – 87.9 ±  0.49 % (Cv = 6.84 %). The index of uniformity (uniformity) of a sow's nest in terms of live weight of piglets at the time of birth is 5.21 ± 0.076 points (Cv = 17.11 %), at the time of weaning – 8.32 ± 0.156 points (Cv = 21.98 %), selection sow reproductive qualities index (SIVKS) – 88.31 ±  1.118  points (Cv = 14.77 %). Coefficients of pair correlation between the estimated indices IVG₀, IVG₆₀, SIVKS and signs of reproductive qualities range from -0.438 (index of uniformity (uniformity) of the nest of a sow in terms of live weight of piglets at the time of weaning, point (IVG₆₀) × large fruit) to + 0.988 ± 0, 0020 (breeding index of reproductive qualities of a sow (SIVKS) × multiple pregnancy). The maximum increase in additional products received from animals of class M⁺ – 27.60 %, and its cost is equal to 685.33 UAH/head.

Key words: sow, reproductive qualities, integrated assessment, evenness (uniformity) of the nest, variability, correlation, economic efficiency.

UDC 636.4.082              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0150

НeraninaL. A. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 404–409.

Institute of Agriculture Steppes NAAN, 2, CentralStr,Sozonovka villege,Kropyvnytskyi district, Kirovograd region, 27602, Ukraine

The results of the study of the indices of the own productivity of sows of Large White breed of different reproductive ages and the influence of this trait on the multiple pregnancy and the weight of the nest when weaning piglets are presented on the basis of using the documentation of the pedigree registration of pigs of the State Enterprise "Experimental farm" Elite "of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAN" for the last three years.

Based  on  the  results of our research, it  was found  that  the multiple  births of sows of group I (18–24 months) is 10.4 heads, the weight of the nest at weaning at the age of 60 days is 181.8 kg, the safety of piglets at weaning is 91 %. Similar indicators in animals of the II and III groups (25–36 and 36 months and older) were 11.1–10.2 heads, 193.8 and 174.2 kg, 96 and 93 %, respectively. The variability of quantitative traits, which were the subject of our research, ranges from 9.3 to 17.5 %, that is, it corresponds to low and medium risk.

When determining the influence of the age of mothers on their multiple births and the weight of the nest during weaning of piglets, it was found that the highest correlative relationship – r = 0.44 is observed between the age of the queens 18–24 months and multiple births and weak – r = 0.10 between the age of the uterus 25–36 months and multiple pregnancy. In queens older than 36 months, the correlation between age and productivity is weak and negative, which confirms that with an increase in their age, the reproductive and productive qualities of animals decrease.

Improving selection work depending on age is an important and urgent issue in increasing the efficiency of pig breeding, since the volume of pork production depends on it. The age of sows is one of the key factors that affects the reproductive qualities of animals and determines the terms of the economic use of the broodstock, which, in turn, predetermines the need to study this aspect.

Key words: pigs, age, sows, productivity, multiple pregnancy, influence, correlation, nest mass.