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UDK 633.15:631.52:632                                                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0178

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (2)209-217

Ya. D. Zaplitnyi ¹, H. V. Kozak ¹, I. S. Mikuliak ¹, M. I. Linskaia ¹, T. Ya. Karp ¹, N. A. Bodenko ²

¹ Bukovinian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of NAAS,

 21a Bohdan Kryzhanivskyi St., Chernivtsi, 58025, Ukraine

²State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14,Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

The research results of maize hybrids of different maturity groups (FAO 199–399) during 2018–2020 in the conditions of the South-Western part of the Forest- Steppe of Ukraine are presented. 54 domestic registered and perspective hybrids of selection of various research institutions of Ukraine (SE Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, Plant Production Institute named after  V. Ya. Yuriev of  NAAS, Selection and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seed Production and Variety Studying, National Research Center Institute of Agriculture of NAAS, Bukovynian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of NAAS) were studied.

The planting density of early ripening hybrids was 70, midearly ripening – 60, mid-ripening – 50 thousand plants/ha. Plants were evaluated for uniformity, resistance to stem breakage below the productive ear, the damage degree by boil smut, resistance to root lodging and general condition were determined. All maize hybrids were characterized by high rating (8–9 points) on these traits. Over the years of research, the mid-early hybrids were more productive in the conditions of Bukovyna (9.06 t/ha), the mid-ripening hybrids - the least adapted to these conditions – (8.62 t/ha). The best samples with high grain yield and low grain moisture content at harvest were identified. On average for three years, DB Lada (9.64 t/ha) and DN Synevyr (9.43 t/ha) had the highest grain yield among the early-ripening hybrids, and DB Varta (10.81 t/ha), DB Khotyn (9.96 t/ha), and Kitsmanskyi 215 SV (9.61 t/ha) – among the middle-early one.

It was found that DN Synevyr and DB Lada early-ripening hybrids and Kitsmanskyi 215 SV, DB Kho-tyn, DB Varta mid-early hybrids significantly exceeded the standards each year. In view of this, the hybrids of these maturity groups merit attention in the conditions of the South-Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Key words: hybrids, maize, selection, yield, harvesting  moisture  content,  maturity  group, lodging resistance.

UDC 633.352:631.52                                   https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0179

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (2) 218-225

S. D.Orlov ¹, A. O.Hahin ², S. V.Syniohub ³, S. M.Brovko ⁴.

¹ Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS of Ukraine, 25 Klinichna St., Kyiv, 03010, Ukraine

² Bila Tserkva Research and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets of the NAAS of Ukraine, Mala Vilshanka 1 p/o, Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region, 09178, Ukraine

Artificial selection of spring vetch began with hybrid materials selected from the nursery of the F₁ hybrids.

When studying spring vetch on different backgrounds, there was a significant difference between the offspring in terms of plant survival rate: against the background of oats, its values ranged from 21.8 to 34.4 % with an average of 27.5 %, and after white mustard - from 40 .2 to 53.35 % at - 47.2 %. Stabilization of the competitiveness of spring vetch in mixed sowing with oats was not observed, but there was a decrease in the share of full-fledged plants of the artificial population F₄ from 0.5 to 7.9% compared to F₃. There were more full-fledged spring vetch plants against the background of mustard, it was indicates that mustard has much lower competitiveness compared to oats. It was found that in each population plants with low productivity prevailed both after oats and after white mustard. The selection coefficient (per a sheaf) averaged from 19 % against background oats and up to 34.1 % - after white mustard, a total of 2240 elite plants were selected. Thus, at the first stage, spring vetch plants survived under cultivation with a supporting crop were selected. The survival rate of spring vetch in the agrocenosis with oats varied from 17.3 to 31.3 %. 2054 elite plants were obtained. The second stage of the artificial selection nursery was formed from the material of spring vetch which was tested for resistance to the competitive background of the previous year. The survival rate of spring vetch plants varied from 17.6 % to 24.5 %, 2432 elite plants were obtained. At the third stage, the offspring of spring vetch in mixed sowing with oat and white mustard was studied: 546 elite plants against the background of oat and 1694 against the background of white mustard were selected, with a total of 2240 elite plants selected. The percentage of selected plants indicates that spring vetch genotypes which cannot compete with the supporting crops and between themselves are eliminated from the population. Purposeful selection of artificial hybrid population of spring vetch promotes the formation of genetically balanced lines with increased resistance to abiotic environmental factors.

Key words: spring vetch, hybrid, selection, productivity, mixed sowing

UDC 633.15:631.527:581.16:519.237.5                            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0180

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (2). 226–232

S. Н. Ponurenko, V. P. Kolomatska, L. M. Chernobay  

Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya.Yuriev of NAAS, Moscow Avenue, 142, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine

The article presents the results of studying the genotypic variability parameters and relationships between traits affecting the performance in corn lines. In a series of three-year trials in 2006–2020, genotypic levels of the performance and its constituents in mid-early and mid-ripening corn lines, which were bred in the Laboratory of Corn Breeding and Seed Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev and became a part of its working collection, were determined.

It was found that the average group performance of mid-ripening lines was higher than that of mid-early ones with differences depending on kernel type.

Path analysis of genotypic correlations between the performance and its constituents allowed for evaluation of direct and side effects. It was found that the coefficients of pair correlation between the performance and its constituents were positive and mostly low or moderate, ranging 0.327 for "kernel number per ear" trait to 0.656 for "ear diameter" trait. However, when the correlations between the studied traits were divided into direct and side effects, the direct path coefficients were only high for the impact of "kernel number per ear" and "1000-kernel weight" traits (0.835 and 0.812, respectively) on the performance. Such traits as the "ear diameter", "number of kernel rows" and "kernel number per row" had very low values of the direct path coefficients (0.041 – 0.098), but affected the performance indirectly through the “kernel number per ear” trait. The "number of kernel rows" (0.622) and "kernel number per row" (0.544) exerted the greatest indirect impact on the performance through the "kernel number per ear" trait. As to the “1000-kernel weight” trait, there were significant negative indirect effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, with the path coefficients of -0.350 and -0.362, respectively.

It was shown that "ear diameter"- "number of kernel rows"- and "kernel number per row"-oriented selections were indirect, as they are components of the "kernel number per ear" trait and are at another level in the performance module. The “kernel number per ear”- and “1000-kernel weight”-oriented direct selections for performance can be most effective, but regarding the latter, one should take into account the negative side effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, which can be achieved by building up aggregated indexes.

Keywords: corn, inbred line, performance, correlation analysis, path analysis.

УДК 633.15:631.52                                                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0181

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (2) 233-243

T. M. Satarova, K. V. Denisyuk, O. E. Klimova

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro,49009, Ukraine

A currently important task for the evaluation of breeding samples at all stages of the sweet maize selection is to control the sugar content in the sweet maize grain of technical maturity. The methodical features of the sugar content determination in the sweet maize grain using the example of the inbred line CE401 and hybrid F₂(CE401 × Chornosteblova) were investigated. We compared the content of total sugar, monosaccharides and disaccharides in the grain on the twenty-first day after self-pollination (21 DAP), on the day of sampling and after storage of the same ears at subzero temperature.

It was found that after storage of ears for 4.5 months at a temperature of –12 ⁰C,  total sugar content in grain of CE401 increased by 97.7 % and reached 46.84 % by mass of absolutely dry matter (ADM), and for F₂(CE401 × Chornosteblova) – by 61.7 % and reached 15.93 %. Accordingly, the contents of mono- and disaccharides as components of total sugar content increased, although this increase in F₂ (CE401× Chornosteblova) was very uneven for individual ears. Intact grains of the CE401 line contained 2.55 times more monosaccharides and 2.27 times more disaccharides compared to the F₂ hybrid (CE401 × Chornosteblova). After keeping the ears at –12 ºC for 4.5 months, the share of total sugar content in ADM of the CE401B line grain exceeded the similar value of the F₂ hybrid (CE401 × Chornosteblova) by 2.94 times, monosaccharides by 3.54 times, and disaccharides by 2.54 times. The degree of such increase depends on the genotype of the initial breeding material.

For the sweet maize selection, it is recommended to determine the total sugar content and its fractions on the day of sampling, and to refuse the common practice to store of grain samples at subzero temperature before analysis.

Key words: Zea mays L., grain in technical maturity, total sugar content, mono- and disaccharide contents, determination procedure, grain storage under subzero temperature.

UDC 633.13:631.527                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0152

Grain Crops. 2021. 5 (1). 5–12.

Solodushko V. Р. 

SE institute of grain crops of national academy of agrarian sciences, 14,VolodymyrVernadskyi  St.,

Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

The results and prospects of selection of naked oat varieties in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine were given. The problems and main directions of creating of new initial material were determined. The high-yielding, large-grain genotypes (Thousand Grain Weight was to 25.3–29.1 g) such as Abel, Rhea, Nuprime, Plater, Adam, Biloruskyi, Pushkinskyi, Hosha, Kriepysh resistant to abiotic factors were used in hybridization, and allowed to create a new hybrid combinations of naked oats.

We established that the cultivars significantly differed from each other in the spikelets and grains number per plant, however not always these features quite affected the plant productivity. Thus, it is proved that the set of features such as number of spikelets in the panicle, number of grains in the spikelet and the grain size determines the plant productivity.

The best initial forms of naked oats by biological and economic features were specified.

The characteristics of the new initial material were highlighted, and the results of breeding work were presented. The naked oat cultivars were selected in the control nursery: Ск 1024/10, Рс 72/09, Сс 732/10, their grain yield (2.59–2.66 t/ha) significantly exceeded the standard variety (by 0, 35–0.42 t/ha) on average for 3 years.

The most productive cultivars by protein content (15.9–16.2 %) were Рс 72/09, СС 1136/09, Сс 732/10 and Сп 234/10.

 The average yield (2.58 t/ha) of Rodonit naked oat variety exceeded the Skarb Ukrainy national standard variety by 0.33 t/ha or by 14.7 % according to the three-year competitive variety test. Since 2019, Rodonit has been understate variety testing. The protein content of 16.1 % and the starch of 49.0 % were in the grain, and the number of hulled grains did not exceed 3.0 %. The growing season of Rodonit variety was 91 days which was three days longer than the standard variety.

Key words: oat, variety, hybridization, selection, yield, hybrid combinations.

UDC 633.82 (477.7)                                    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0153

GrainCrops. 2021. 5 (1). 13–22.

GamayunovaV. V., KhonenkoL. H., FedorchukM. I., KovalenkoO. A. 

Mykolaiv National Agrarian University, 9, Heorhii Honhadze St.,

Mykolaiv, 54020, Ukraine

The cultivation expediency of more drought-resistant crops, in particular sorghum, millet, false flax, safflower and others, instead of sunflower in the area of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine is substantiated. This is, first of all, required by climate change both in Ukraine and in the world.

Since 2004, researches of field crops were carried out in the conditions of the Educational and Scientific Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University. Soil phase is the southern chernozem with humus content in the 0–30 cm soil layer which consist of 2.96–3.21 %, with medium and high level of availability of mobile phosphorus and potassium and low – mobile nitrogen. Experiments with soriz (Oksamyt hybrid) were conducted during 2004–2006, millet (Tavriiske, Kostantynivske, Skhidnevarieties) in 2008–2010, grain sorghum (Stepovyi 5 hybrid) in 2014–2016, safflower dye (Lahidnyi variety) in 2017–2019.

The years of research differed significantly in temperature and even more in the amount of precipitation before sowing and during the growing season of crops. However, the weather conditions were typical of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine.

It is established that all studied drought-resistant crops respond positively to nutrition optimization – the level of yield and quality of grain or seeds increases. It was found that the soriz productivity depending on the application of fertilizers and sowing dates increased by 37.6–39.2 %, millet –by 33.3–41.6 %, grain sorghum depending on the background of nutrition and growing conditions – by 8.2–33.2 %, dye safflower – by 11.1–64.6 %.

It was determined that the optimization of nutrition of cultivated crops allows to increase their resistance to adverse conditions and productivity in the case of application of low doses of the mineral fertilizers before sowing, pre-sowing treatment of seeds, and growth-regulating chemical application of plants on the main stages of the growing season.

Key words: drought-resistant plants, climatic conditions, nutrition optimization, yield, crop quality, varieties, sowing dates.

УДК 631.1:001.76 + 632.938                                 https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0154

GrainCrops. 2021. 5 (1). 23–29.

Krut’ M. V. 

Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS, 33, Vasylkivska st., Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine

The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS developed methods of plant selection for resistance to major pathogens and assessment methodology the resistance of winter wheat, potatoes, clover and alfalfa to pests to create complex resistant varieties. Donors of potato resistance to cancer, Alternaria, Phomosis and cyst-forming nematodes were identified. Methods for determining the resistance of cereals to high and low temperatures were developed. A collection of the Aegilops biuncialis L. wild wheat samples as sources of new resistance genes to plant diseases and pests was compiled. The soft winter wheat resistance genes to diseases by DNA markers were identified at the Institute of Plant Production named after V. Ya. Yuriev.  The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat formed a set of winter wheat cultivars with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests. The Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS established physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of sunflower, soybean, crown flax to pathogens. Collections of sunflower lines based on complex resistance to sunflower broomrape, dry rot, downy mildew and soybean lines based on complex resistance to white rot and Anthracnose were also created. In the National Scientific Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", the fodder lupine resistance to the most important pathogens was investigated.  The Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS revealed the spring barley, oat, rape, fiber flax varieties and selection numbers resistant to basic diseases; and the Institute of Rice of NAAS – rice cultivars resistant to diseases and pest pathogens. The resistance to main phytophagous insects of the modern genotypes of hemp, fiber flax and crown flax was assessed by the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. The assessment method of breeding value for the initial material of the main vegetables on the basis of disease resistance was developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing of NAAS. Scientists of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS and V. M. RemesloMyronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS revealed the cucumber and barley resistance to viral diseases.

Key words: crops, pests, pathogens, resistance, resistance gene, resistance source.

UDС 635.655.633.853.52                                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0129   

Medvedeva  L. R., KrentsivYa.I., Mostipan T. V.,  Kalinina L. I. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 221–229.

Institute of Steppe Agriculture of the NAAS, 2, Central str., Sozonivka, Kirovograd region, Kirovograd area, 27602, Ukraine

The collection soybean nursery at the Institute of Steppe Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine includes 144 varieties of domestic and foreign selection. The variety of the studied samples allows to allocate to a greater extent economically; valuable signs and to pick up parental forms for selection of soybeans on various directions of use.

The results of research in the collection nursery for 10 years (2010–2019) are given. In the course of research the collection varieties of soybeans of different ecological and geographical origin were used.

Collectible varieties by yield, protein and fat content in seeds were analyzed. The importance of varieties resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis in increasing soybean yield has been substantiated. Soybean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin have been evaluated for resistance to cotyledon bacteriosis. Phytopathological assessment was performed on a natural infectious background. 15 soybean varieties resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis were identified: Era 2, Medeya, Stepovychka 4, Diona, Agat, Sribna Ruta, Podolsk 2000, Yatran, Khabarovska 01, Evans, Liniia № 100, R8606I-5R05, Yutro, and VNIIOZ 11. Highlighted highly resistant varieties are promising as a source resistance to cotyledonousbacteriosis during selection for immunity to this pathogen.

Highly resistant soybean varieties of Ukrainian selection deserve the most attention as donors of resistance to cotyledonousbacteriosis, 9 of which have been identified.

At the present stage of selection, with the transition to European standards, it is very important to create varieties with high quality seeds.

Therefore, the laboratory is conducting research to identify high-protein and high-fat varieties. Analyzing the results of chemical analysis of soybean varieties of different maturity groups, we can say that the protein content in the seeds varied between 32.2–45.8 %. The highest indicator was observed in the varieties Zernoukisna (45.8 %),  Ustya (45.5 %), Sonyachna (44.7 %), Artemida (44.2 %), Pripyat (44.0 %).

The fat content in the seeds of varieties of the collection nursery ranged from 18.2 to 26.8 %. The highest rate of fat content in seeds was observed in varieties – Emerald (26.8 %), Annushka (26.4 %), Sophia (26.8 %), Colorful (26.4 %), Ophelia (26.5 %), Podilska 416 (26.4 %), Vasylkivska (26.8 %), L. 101 (26.8 %), Bukuriya (26.3 %).

Examples of high-yielding, high-protein and fat-containing, highly resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis, as well as varieties adapted to adverse environmental conditions are given.

Keywords: soy, bean, variety, collection, yield, protein, fat, resistance, seeds.

UDS 631.527.8:633.111.1                                       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0130

Hoptsii V.O., Kryvoruchenko R.V. 

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (2). 230–242.

Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaiev,Dokuchaievske settlement,

Kharkiv region, Kharkiv oblast, 62483, Ukraine

In the conditions of the global climate change, it is important to find the donors of the adaptive properties among the existing initial material of wheat, because only on the basis of the targeted selection of the parental components for crossbreeding it can be expected to obtain the selection material with the specified parameters of adaptability. The purpose of this research was to assess the collection samples of soft winter wheat by the features of ear productivity and to establish the adaptive peculiarities by these features.

The results of a three-year (2014–2016) study of the level of implementation and variability of the ear productivity features – ear length, ear weight, number of ear spikelets, number of ear grains and grain weight from the ear have been presented in the article, and also the indices of homeostaticity (Hom) and selection value (Sc) of the studied wheat genotypes by these features have been calculated. The object of the research was 45 varieties and 9 selection lines of different genetic and ecological and geographical origin.

As the result of the conducted researches, the existence of a significant difference between the collection genotypes of wheat has been established both by the level of the ear productivity development features and their variability during the years of the research. The maximum development level of the ear productivity features had 6 species (Hordovyta, Stanichnaya, Legenda, Pereyaslavka, Oksana, Liryka). By the vast majority of the features, the average level exceeded 7 varieties and 2 selection lines (Rosinka Tarasovskaya, Banga, Venera, Volnitsa, Masha, Krasota, Ebi, Kiu-07, 89-I/2).

The homeostaticity index characterizes the ability of the genotype to minimize the negative influence of the environmental factors. It has been established that the collection samples of soft winter wheat had different levels of homeostaticity features of ear productivity. Some collection varieties of wheat had a high level of homeostaticity by certain features of ear productivity, but a low or medium development level of the features themselves. Some genotypes were characterized by high values of both homeostaticity and features development level.

The greatest value is represented by the genotypes in which high homeostaticity and selection value is combined with a high level of productivity features development – Zdobna, Dobirna, Zapashna, Dbailyva, Fermerka, Krasota, Masha, Stanichnaya, Oda, Legenda, Kyu99, 89-I/2, etc. These genotypes can be used as the donors of a high level of ear productivity with their high homeostaticity.

Thus, as the result of the conducted researches, we have established different nature of the manifestation and variability of the ear productivity features of the collection genotypes of soft winter wheat of different genetic origin. The conducted assessment of the homeostaticity and selection value of the productivity features allowed identifying a number of the varieties and selection lines of wheat that can be used in the combination selection as the donors of high ear productivity in the complex of adaptability have been carried out.

Key words: soft winter wheat, genotype, ear productivity, homeostatic, adaptability, selection value.

UDC 633.15:631.52

Grain Crops. 2020. 4 (1). 5–11.

Cherchel V. Yu., Kuprichenkova T. G., Kuprichenkov D. S. .  

SE Institute Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14,Volodymyra Vernadskyi Str.,

Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta Sturt.) has certain biological features that set it apart from other subspecies. The plants of popcorn form a large number of corncobs and many lateral shoots of different heights. They have a less developed root system than dent corn, so they are more often to lie down and have less drought resistance.

The cobs of popcorn are smaller in size and have small grain. Grains are very hard, glassy, almost completely filled with horny endosperm. Popping expansion volume is the most important quality trait in popcorn and the one that distinguishes it from all other types of maize.

The purpose of the research was to study the popcorn’s lines on a complex of valuable traits. The starting material for the research was sixty one lines of popcorn created in the laboratory of the selection of corn for eating. Experiments were carried out at Synelnikovska breeding and research station of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine during 2016–2018 years.

As a result of the research it was found that a considerable part of the lines of working collection have FAO 200–390 and are suitable for mechanized cultivation. The analysis of the structure of the cob showed that most lines of popcorn have the following parameters: the cob is medium in length (11 – 14 cm), thin in diameter (2–3 cm), with the number of rows of grains from 10 to 16, grains in a row from 26 to 35 and weighing 1000 seeds from 100 g to 200 g.

It was found that, under more extreme growing conditions, average, minimum and maximum values on all traits decreased. Strong variation was observed on the characteristics of "attachment height of cob", "cob length", "number of grains in a row", average – "plant height", "diameter of cob", "number of rows of grains" and strong and medium – "weight of 1000 seeds".

Consequently, the high and average values of the coefficients of variation make it possible to select the best lines for breeding hybrid of popcorn.

Key words: selection, popcorn, line, breeding traits, variation parameters, source material.