Bulletin Institute of agriculture of steppe zone NAAS of Ukraine.-2016.-№11
Selection
| Carotenoid content in grain maize lines | Annotation Carotenoid content in grain maize lines Dzubetsky B. V., Satarova T. M., Cherchel V. Yu., Dyachenko T. A., Goncharov Yu. O. Key words: maize, selection, inbred lines, carotenoids, Β-carotene, grain. The article is devoted to complex research of the carotenoid content, specifically that one of β-carotene, in promising maize inbred lines. The object of the research were 43 self-pollinated lines of maize (Zea mays L.) of differ-rent maturity and germplasm groups, developed by the Institute of grain crops of NAAS of Ukraine (Dnipro city). The study was conducted on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450 nm using the method of extracting total carotenoids from maize. Analysis of β-carotene content of specific inbred lines from samples of flint maize has showed fluctuations in values of β-carotene content from 1,87 to 5,21 mg/kg. The maximum value was observed in such inbred lines as DK204 /273, DK200, DK3472, DK9527 and only one of them (DK4538) had low level of total carotenoids. In the group of inbred lines of semi-dentmaize a much greater variation range of β-carotene content was noted (V = 23,2 and 37,2 % respectively). Index ranged from 2,28 mg/kg (inbred line DK2380) to 7,99 mg/kg (inbred line DK2323) and it is the highest level among all groups studied. Among the inbred lines of dent type the highest level of fluctuations of index of β-carotene content was marked, as indicated by the coefficient of variation – 48,1 %. Within the group the value of β-carotene content varied from 1,45 mg/kg to 6,93 mg/kg. Inbred lines DK44 and MS814 were distinguished according to this index level, having reached the content of β-carotene in grain of 6,40 and 6,93 mg/kg respectively. The lowest value of the index was observed in inbred line DC2777 – 1,45 mg/kg. Determining the average content of β-carotene in groups of inbred lines with different grain texture showed no significant difference between them by this index. However, there was a trend of increased level of β-carotene in group of flint inbred lines and its decline during the transition to dents. Thus, a group of flint inbred lines was characterized by the lower values of indices of variation of the trait by the utmost importances within group, by the scope of variation, by variance, as well as by the standard deviation and coefficient of variation compared to groups of semident and dent inbred lines. The study has established that such traits as the pedigree of breeding material, grain texture and growing season of plants do not play a significant role in the formation of total carotenoid content in maize. The authors have identified inbred lines with high carotenoid content which can serve as donors of this trait to certain groups for which the programs of maize improvement are implemented. 2016. – Р. 18–22.
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| Divergention line of the sugar corn, created when use sample exotic embryonic plasma | Annotation Divergention line of the sugar corn, created when use sample exotic embryonic plasma Key words:sugar corn, selection, lines, signs,divergention, sources, productivity, its constituents. The lit results of the studies inbred line of the sugar corn, created when enabling in their family sample of the exotic embryonic plasma of the different botanical composition and geographical origin. Use give type source material has provided creation new line with specific manifestation row economic-important sign. In contrasting condition natural moisture provision 2014–2015 year are installed presence difference in length of the period "young-growth-blossom 50 % cob" beside valued genotype, which varied from 48 before 75 days under average importance 58,9 and 59,8 days. The Identified early-ripe to lines with long this period 48–52 days, fair-early (55–57 days), fair-ripe (58–60 days) and fair-late (62–75 days). The Majority line are referred to high-tale, their height reached 155–157 refer to that on 9–23 refer to was above, than beside lines-standard KC209A. Maximum height of the plants (167–252 refer to) is noted beside line KC706-1, KC706-2, KC957-1, KC957-2, KC954, KC955-1, KC956-1 created at participation of the local sort with Iraq and synthetic Mexico and Australia. The Lines KC65-1, KC910-1, KC955-1, KC956-1, KC957-1, ІLS23-1, ІLS28-1, ІLS28-2, ІLS29-2 with height of the fastening cob 50–70 are refer to classified in group with average factor, but KC706-1, KC706-2, KC954, KC957-2 in group with high (73–121 refer to) importance sign. The Top productivity (46,5–62,1 g grain with plants) formed the lines KC63-1, KC66, KC68, KC706-1, KC706-2, KC954, KC955-1, KC956-1, RSE19-1, RSE19-2 beside which she on 100,8–133,6 % exceed the standard. The Maximum color grain with cob (41,8–49,7 g) typical line KC68, KC956-1, RSE19-1, RSE19-2. The Stable aptitude to two-cob (1,20–1,42 cob on plant) were characterized by KC63-1, KC66, KC68, KC706-2, KC956-1, KC957-2, ІLS28-1, RSE19-1, but KC706-1, KC954, KC955-1, ІLS23-1 formed stable high (1,43–1,90) amount cob. Raised grain productivity (290–395grain on cob) is noted beside majority valued line, but KC63-1, KC956-1, RSE19-1, RSE19-2 provided very high (419–600 rows) quantity grain cob. The Lines KC954, KC957-2 are evaluated as genotype average mass 1000 grain, forming 206–214 are chosen long-cob of the form KC64-1, KC706-1, KC706-2, ІLS28-2 c long cob 14,6–19,0 refer to, as well as with raised (15,2–17,3 rows grain) KC68, KC69, KC706-1, KC956-1,KC957-2, RSE19-1 and high (18,4–20,0) rows KC63-1, KC19-2. Very long grain (9,2–12,3 mm) differed the lines KC957-2, ІLS28-2. The Row line are a source to collections (from 2 before 5) sign. The Analysis statistician variation rows has attested average different qualitative line on length of the period "young growth-blossom 50 % cob (S2 = 37,1–41,2; V = 10,3–10,7 %), on height of the plants (S2 = 899,7–507,3; V=19,1–14,6 %), height of the fastening the cob (S2 = 488,9–357,4) under significant variability (V = 34,6–39,5 %) of the sign. According to variance of the dispersions is noted high genotypic divergention valued samples line on produc-tivity of the plants (S2 = 189,6–141,8), mass grain on cob (S2 = 158,2–138,0), mass 1000 grain (S2 = 777,4–750,4) very high (S2 = 8702,5–1052,7) on amount grain with cob, but on amount cob (S2=0,04), their length (S2 = 4,3–6,1), amount of the rows grain (S2 = 4,5–6,1) and length grain (S2 = 1,3–1,7) low. Different was a level variability sign: significant (V = 35,8–31,3 %) on productivity of the plants, mass grain with cob (V = 42,7–25,3 %), amount grain with cob (V = 33,1–32,6 %) and average cob on amount on plant (V = 15,2–17,4 %), mass 1000 grain (V = 17,3–21,1 %), amount of the rows grain (15,1–17,6 %) and length corn (V = 17,9–21,7 %). Use sort and synthetic population of the exotic embryonic plasma for making the linear material of the sugar corn were efficient, but organized selection was revealed positive. The estimation divergention genetic base created line has displayed the high level their difference on morpho-biological sign. Chosen on the basis of sign sample will assist increasing effective heterosis to breeding of the sugar corn and their follows broadly to involve in selection program on creation highand able to meet competition hybrids.
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| Productivity of alternate barley at autumn and spring sowing time, depending on the seed treatment and nutrition background | Annotation Productivity of alternate barley at autumn and spring sowing time, depending on the seed treatment and nutrition background Keywords: alternate barley, sowing time, pre-sowing seed treatment, mineral fertilizers, grain yield. In conditions of northern Steppe of Ukraine until recently has not been studied the basic agricultural measures of cultivation a winter barley, which can be sown in spring, making it impossible to produce scientifically based recommendations for technological measures of its growing and care of this crop at spring type of development. In particular, until now it is poorly investigated the influenceof sowing time, seed treatment and level of mineral nutrition on potential productivity of barley at autumn and spring sowing time. The aim of our research was to determine the characteristics of growth, development and productivity forma- tion of winter barley plant, which can be sown in spring depending on fertilization and pre-sowing seed treatment, growth regulators and other preparations at spring and autumn sowing, which has scientific and practical importance in the northern Steppe of Ukraine. Researches were carried out in 2012–2014 in the laboratory of agrobiological resources of spring grain and leguminous crops at the Erastivskа Experimental Station of Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. Was used variety of winter barley (Dostoinyi) which can be sown in spring, and was sown after predecessor pea. The highest grain yield (4,53–4,67 t/ha) was formed in variants at application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N60P60K60, and was for 0,97–1,18 t/ha higher compared to plots without fertilization and for 0,47–0,27 t/ha – than the background of N30P30K30. At the spring sowing of winter barley obtained the increase in yield, depending on seed treatment preparations were for 0,09–0,26 t/ha at the background without fertilizers. When applying fertilizer at doses N30P30K30 and N60P60K60 increase of yield from using treatment preparations accordingly made 0,21–0,29 and 0,19–0,47 t/ha compared to the control. Higher grain yield of winter barley in the case of spring sowing formed in variants with fertilizer at dose of N60P60K60 and seed treatment anti-stress preparation – 3,45 t/ha, which is 0,46 t/ha more than in the control. Grain yields of winter barley at the spring sowing mostly dependent on the dose of fertilizers. Increasing it to N30P30K30 provided to increase the yield of grain for 0,34–0,50 t/ha, and the N60P60K60 – to 0,59–0,86 t/ha compared with the background without fertilizers. Analysis of the grain crop productivity showed that the yield of winter barley at spring sowing was lower by an average of 0,95–1,54 t/ha compared to the autumn sowing time. Thus, obtained experimental material allows to state that pre-sowing treatment of winter barley seed by growth stimulating preparations and micro-fertilizers provided the necessary start growing of plants, improves the efficiency and productivity as in the case of the autumn and spring sowing time. Planting of winter barley in the spring reduces the potential productivity of plants and grain yield compared with the autumn sowing time, but can be an important event for rapid breeding of seed culture in the case of plant death during the winter period. – Р. 31–35.
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| The prospective hybrids of popcorn | Annotation The prospective hybrids of popcorn Key words: hybrid, popcorn, productivity, popping expansion volumes, flake. Popcorn (Zea mays L. everte Sturt) is one of the most ancient subspecies corn. According to archaeologists, the pre-Columbian era in American Indians used it extensively in the food purposes, but only since the late nineteenth century it became an industrial culture. There are two shapes of popcorn kernel, the rice type and the pearl type. Rice types tend to be long and slender with a sharp point at the top, pearl types are more round with a smooth top. Compared with other subspecies of maize weevil finer (absolute weight 35–240 g), very hard, glassy. Corn contains 16–18% protein and 60% starch. In the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine in 2016 is only 6 hybrids of popcorn, of which 3 (Gostinets, Shuns, Furor) – State institutions Institute of breeding crops. The creation of new produc-tive hybrids and high popcorn, genetically adapted to adverse environmental conditions is important and relevant. According Sinelnikovska agro meteorological stations, 2013–2015 years were very hot. Maximum daily temperatures in July and August marks achieved: in 2013 – 35,7 0C, in 2014 – 39,2 0C, and in 2015 – 36,5 0C. Such weather conditions on the one hand, facilitated the detection and selection of resistant forms of corn, and the other – reduced absolute levels of plant productivity. The main goal of our research was to identify promising hybrids of popcorn, which successfully combine high grain yield with high volume increase when receiving popcorn. The starting materials for research were 26 popcorn hybrids competitive test created in the laboratory breeding maize hybrids toward food use. For standard was taken by middle-hybrid Gostinets. Experiments were conducted on Sinelnikovska breeding and research station of State institutions Institute of breeding crops for 2013–2015 years. Land area was 8,4 m2, and stand density 40 thousand plants/ha. Agricultural practices applied in the research answered generally accepted guidelines set out in the method of field experiment. The crop harvested by hand threshing of ears spent electric threshing. After determining the mass of grain harvesting areas and humidity, grain dried and kept in a cool room. Defining technological parameters was performed 3 months after harvesting. For popping corn used machine «Alaska PM 1280". Analysis of grain yield of hybrids competitive test popcorn showed that due to adverse weather conditions it was small, and averaged 3,16 t/ha. Significantly higher than standard grain yield was only one hybrid combination (IKR31 x IKR35) x IKR17-2 – 3,87 t/ha and 85% of hybrids it was at standard Gostinets – 3,40 t/ha. Rate of popping expansion volumes (PEV) in hybrids competitive test an average of 3 years ranged from 28,3 to 36,9. The lowest it has been in Gostinets, and the highest – in hybrid (IKR72-2 x IKR37-3) x IKR16-1. Satisfactory rating (PEV ≤ 30) had four hybrid combinations, or 15%; good rating (PEV = 31–34) – 21 hybrids, or 77%, and excel-lent rating (PEV ≥ 35) – 2 hybrids: (IKR72-2 x IKR37-3) x IKR16-1 and DN Typhoon. Hybrid DN Typhoon is promising hybrid and in 2014 it is at the state strain testing. To identify promising new hybrids of popcorn that successfully combine high grain yield with high popping expansion volumes, we mourned the ranks of the two indices. Lowest – 8 points, it was the hybrid DN Cyclone, which in 2015 was transferred to the state sort testing. The popped product kernel is called a flake. There are 2 distinct flake types that are commercially important: butterfly and mushroom. Most hybrids (54%) had a flake "butterfly", with ragged edges of grains, like wings. This type has highest popping expansion volumes, but flakes are fragile. "Mushroom" type was only hybrid DN Karamel. This type is correct spherical shape, which is especially valuable for making glazed sweet and caramelized popcorn. Hybrid DN Karamel is promising hybrid, and in 2017 will be transferred to the state sort testing. All other hybrids had an intermediate type of popping expansion volumes or a mixture of types.
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Plant growing
| Economic, organizational and technological preconditions for the development of grain production in the Steppe of Ukraine in the context of innovation processes | Annotation Economic, organizational and technological preconditions for the development of grain production in the Steppe of Ukraine in the context of innovation processes Keywords: crops, intensification, productivity, production costs, cost, price, profit, economic efficiency. Grain production is the leading branch of agriculture in Ukraine. Grain crops annually cover more than half of the total cultivated area. The technology of crops farming affect significantly the level of agrotechnics of other crops of agriculture and economic efficiency of the whole agricultural complex. Steppe zone occupies 40 % of the territory and has 32 % of the working population in rural areas of the state. Farms of the region produced 38,2 % of its total gross harvest in Ukraine on average in 2006–2015. Revenues of the group formed by grains of wheat (57,1 %), corn (20,6 %) and barley (17,2 %), which is generally 94,9 %. Dynamics of indicators of profitability of production as grains in all as by types of crops during the last 10 years was characterized by substantial diversity caused as by dynamic changes of indicator of unit cost as price fluctuations on grain market. The most profitable in the steppe zone of Ukraine for the last 10 years grain production were in 2011, 2014 and 2015 (24,5, 24,6 and 41,5 % respectively). The best of the profitability in 2015 was provided by the farm of Kirovograd and Dnepropetrovsk regions (50,7 and 49,4 % respectively). The high level of economic development of grain production is possible due to skilful search and timely and effective introduction of the new one instead of traditionally existing in all agricultural farms. Only continuous active-tion of innovative processes can provide optimum development of grain farming in the current conditions. The main thing is the restoration of progressive technologies of crops farming and wide use some of advanced agrotechnological developments in them. Activation of innovation in agricultural production has no alternative. High potential of productivity and efficiency of grain production in the Steppe zone of Ukraine today can not be realized without farming of crops on intensive basis. This factor should be carried out not only by the quantitative increase resources but also based on the rational use them, namely optimization of nutrition regime and application of integrated plant protection from diseases, pests, modern high-productive machines and tools, timely and qualitative implementation of all technological operations. Rational use of fertilizers is an important component of the system of measures enhancing of productivity and efficiency by cultivation of basic crops. They accounted about half of the received increment crop yield. But now the problem of rational use of fertilizers in the technology of crops farming had not solved. According to statistics, by the example of corn, application of fertilizers the average in the Steppe zone significantly decreased: fertilizers in a count on nutritives from 223 kg in 1990 to 62 kg in 2015 or 3,6 times and organic of in recent years almost do not applicate. With a purpose of most economic and economical recoupment of fertilizers it is necessary to use them first of all under priority cultures, namely winter wheat, spring barley, corn. They accounted about half of the received increases of crop yield. It is necessary to optimize the doses of fertilizer depending on agrochemical condition of soils and biological characteristics of crops. These cultures provide the highest recoupment of 1 kg of fertilizers, it is 5–9 kg of grain units. Priority importance attaches combined high-productive farm equipment which will provide simultaneous implementation of several technological operations in tillage, fertilizing and sowing of crops. Optimization of technical complex carries a reserve of increase of gross grain harvest in this region of 2–2,5 mln t primarily due to the accuracy and timeliness implementation of the technological operations of grain production. To reach the level of gross harvest of grain crops of 30–35 mln is necessary to process by herbicides 60–70 % of crops cereals cultures and 90 % of corn. Harvest losses in the current state of weed-infesting of crops are 8–15 % for cereals cultures and up to 25–40 % for corn. To ensure grain production in the Steppe zone in a volume of 30,1 million tons need 65,69 milliard hrn. The largest share (26,5 %) accounted for costs of mechanized operations, fertilizers – 22,5 milliard hrn, (34,3 %) and pesticides – 6,1 milliard hrn (9,3 %). Volumes of the resource providing of grain production in the zone of Steppe in a volume 30 million tonn make 66 milliards hrn at the prognosis level of profitability 46,7 %. | PDF 11-18 |
| Effectiveness of corn foliar top dressing of microelement preparations together with the nitrogen mineral fertilizer | Annotation Effectiveness of corn foliar top dressing of microelement preparations together with the nitrogen mineral fertilizer
Keywords: corn, microelement preparations, biometric indexes, heat -resistance, yield structure, grain yield, grain moisture. It is not always possible to get high yield corn without basic mineral nutrition, which is as a rule carried out through the root system of plants. So it is best to apply fertilizer by placement in the soil. But sometimes in the process of growth and development of plants as a result of variation of hydrothermal indexes from the norm, there are situations when the plant organism is unable to provide themselves with sufficient amount of nutrients through the root system. In that case there is a necessity of fast correcting of quantity of nutritional elements and elimination of their deficiency. With onset of the drought, the assimilation of mineral nutrients is greatly reduced, which in turn slows the growth and development of plants. Under these conditions, even at optimal quantity of available compounds of macro- and micronutrients in the soil their absorption by means of root system of plants is insufficient. Particularly strong decreases its ability to absorb macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In this regard, the aqueous solutions of low concentrations of certain fertilizers may be applied to the surface of plants as nutrients so long as they can move in the plant organism from top to bottom. The extent and rate of absorption of nutritional elements with leaves of plants is much higher compared with the absorption of their root system from fertilizer applicated in the soil. But the volume of nutrient absorption with leaves, unfortunately, is limited. The preparative form particularly affects on the effectiveness of the micronutrients. It is widely known that the most is effective chelate form, that is organic form, when between microelement (preferably metal) and helating form (usually – an organic acid) there is some connection. Recently advance in popularity are getting the chelated microele-ment preparations, which are able to regulate plant growth processes, to increase their resilience to unfavorable hydrot-hermal conditions, to raise the level of grain yield and its quality indicators, in addition, they are ecologically friendly for the environment and human health. The aim of the experimental work was to identify the efficiency and to develop the technological methods of use of microelement preparations in the form of foliar top dressing of corn plants. Field research was carried out in the 2013–2015 at the Laboratory of agrobiological resources of maize and sorghum of State Enterprise Experimental Farm "Dnipro". The seeds of middle-early hybrid of corn Venzel were sown in the third decade of April, a way of sowing – single grain sowing with row spacing 70 cm. Preharvest stand density of plants amounted to 45 thousand / ha. Fertilizer background was natural. Spraying of corn plants was conducted in the phase of 5–6 leaves in accordance with the scheme of the experiment. Arrangement of variants was successive. Area of sown plot – 114,2 m2, record plot – 76,2 m2. Replication of test – three times. Observations and estimates were perfor-med according to conventional fieldplot technique. Agrotechnics in the field experiment, in addition to the factors studied, was consistent with the general guidelines for growing corn in the northern steppe of Ukraine. It was determined that biometric indexes of plants were the largest at application of microelement preparations Rozasil as well as Reacom-CP-maize together with the nitrogen fertilizer (carbamide). Increased heat resistance was observed in maize plants on the plots where spraying was carried out with preparations Quantum-maize, Anti-stress and Rozasil together with carbamide. The yield structure indexes reached the highest values by using preparations Rozasil, Quantum-Aquasil and Reacom-CP-maize together with the nitrogen fertilizer (carbamide). The yield of corn by 14 % moisture was highest at top-dressing of plants with preparations Nanomiks-maize and Rozasil together with carbamide. The cost of drying grain to standard moisture content depending on top-dressing of plants with different microelement preparations not significantly changed.
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| Effect of soil tillage and sowing systems of winter wheat on agrophysical properties and soil nutritious regime | Annotation Effect of soil tillage and sowing systems of winter wheat on agrophysical properties and soil nutritious regime Keywords: winter wheat, soil tillage, seeding, productive moisture, nutrient elements. The results of production testing and introduction the soil tillage and sowing systems of winter wheat are presented. The features of agrophysical properties, of the moisture dynamics and nutrient regime of soil under the influence of factors are determined.
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| Yield and quality of winter wheat and winter triticale, depending on predecessors and sowing time | Annotation Yield and quality of winter wheat and winter triticale, depending on predecessors and sowing time Keywords: winter wheat and winter triticale, variety, sowing time, predecessors, yield, grain quality. In a Northern Steppe (Synelnykivska selection and research station of the Institute of Grain Farming) in 2009–2011 we compared the yield and grain quality of winter varieties, wheat – Selianka (Institute of Plant Selection and Genetics), Smuglianka (Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics and Myronsvskyi Institute of Wheat), Zira (Institute of Grain Farming) and triticale – Papsuyevska (Joint-stock company Science and production association "Stepova"). The above mentioned varieties grown by us after bare fallow and after sunflower. The largest grain yield of winter wheat after bare fallow average over 2009–2011 formed by the optimum sowing time (September 20), the smallest grain yield – in admissible early sowing time (September 5). The grain yield of varieties depending on sowing time varied in the following ranges: Selianka – from 4,17 to 4,93 t/ha, Smuglianka – from 4.50 to 5,51 t/ha, Zira – from 4,41 to 5,26 t/ha. The largest grain yield of varieties of wheat after sunflower have been noted in permissible late sowing time (October 5), the least – by sowing time 5th September. The highest grain yield after unfallow predecessor formed variety Smuglianka (2,97–3,31 t/ha); grain yield of variety Zira was 2,58–3,20 t/ha and variety Selianka – 2,55–3,14 t/ha. The highest grain yield of winter triticale Papsuyevska after two predecessors was at the optimal sowing time. The absolute values of this indicator for all sowing times were lower than at winter wheat. Thus, the grain yield of triticale on the bare fallow depending on sowing time varied from 3,99 to 4,39 t/ha, and after sunflower – from 2,39 to 2,66 t/ha. The significant difference was observed between the grain quality of wheat and triticale. Thus, after bare fallow on average over three years of research the volume-weight of wheat depending on varieties and sowing time was 779–799 g/l, and triticale – 724–731 g/l. After sunflower similar values for wheat varied within the limits 775–801 g/l, triticale – 731–738 g/l. The highest protein content in grain of wheat and triticale on bare fallow have been noted with late sowing times. Similar patterns of relationship were observed in the formation in grain wet gluten. After sunflower more protein in the grain of winter wheat accumulated by early sowing time in which the grain yield was the lowest. The content of gluten after that predecessor suffered no significant changes depending on sowing time. After bare fallow in the grain of winter wheat was 11,6–12,8 % protein and 23,9–29,9 % gluten, while after sunflower these indicators were respectively only 9,5–10,4 and 17,8–20,1 %. The content of protein and gluten in grain of triticale after bare fallow was respectively 12,0–12,7 % and 24,6–26,7 % and after sunflower – 10,1–10,4 % and 17,5–18,7 %. Based on three years of observations in the grain of triticale compared with grain of wheat under the same growing conditions formed gluten with lower elasticity and flexibility. This results from the fact that in triticale is present the genome of rye and in the composition of gluten of the culture is less glutenin. The varieties of winter wheat Selianka and Zira were better on indicators of sedimentation and baking quality after two predecessors. It is noted lower sedimentation indicator and bread volume in triticale compared with wheat. Thus, in the Northern Steppe higher grain yield is characteristic for winter cereal crops at sowing in optimal and acceptable later sowing time. The yield and quality of winter wheat and winter triticale after bare fallow substan-tially exceeds similar indicators after sunflower. Under the same growth conditions the quantity of protein and gluten in grain triticale is at the level of wheat, but the nature of grain, sedimentation, Index of deformation of gluten (IDK) and bread volume in grain triticale are significantly lower. | PDF 35-39 |
| Effect of sowing dates, sowing rates and abiotic factors on the formation of grain yield of corn hybrids of different ripeness groups in the conditions of forest-Steppe | Annotation Effect of sowing dates, sowing rates and abiotic factors on the formation of grain yield of corn hybrids of different ripeness groups in the conditions of forest-Steppe Keywords: corn, hybrids, sowing terms, sowing norms, personal productivity, productivity The main problem with the cultivation of maize for grain hybrid selection, because of its precocity depends on the level of the final drying of grain after harvesting, and thus the economic efficiency of growing corn for grain. According to many theoretical and practical studies, the proportion of the influence of class in shaping the productivity is 50 %, agronomic practices (30%) and climatic conditions – 20 %. | PDF 39-45 |
| False flax yield compared with spring oilseeds crops | Annotation False flax yield compared with spring oilseeds crops Key words: false flax, spring oil crops, yield, quality,economic efficiency. False flax is more adaptive crop, compared with other oil crops of cabbage family, it provides a constant seed productivity in different soil and climatic zones. It hardly affected by pests and diseases and it can even inhibit some types of weeds, this is its advantage compared with other oil spring crops. Technology of false flax cultivation is much simpler than, for example, of rape. Productivity of oil cruciferous crops depends on soil and climatic conditions, biological characteristics of crop, technology of cultivation. The growth and development of generative oragans, pests and diseases of plants and yield quality depend on the choice of sowing dates. The density of plants standing affect the development of the root system, quantity of branches, plant pods,number of seeds considerable. The purpose of research es is to compare the yield and quality of seed false flax with other oilseed crops. The scheme included the following crops and varieties false flax varieties Girskiy and Mirage, spring rape of Dobrobut and Ataman, white mustard varieties Carolina, New Brown mustard, radish Aisberg of Orfei oil varieties Ryduga and Zhuravka, flax oil varieties The researches were conducted on farm Agro Express Service in Mlyniv district of Rivne region in the Western forest Steppe Zone. It should be known is dark-grey light loamy. The contents of humus in the arable layer is 2,1 % luzhnohidrolizovanoho nitrogen by Kornfildom – 101 mg/kg soil (low), mobile phosphorus – 243 mg/kg (high) and exchangeable potassium (by Chirikov) – 130 mg/kg (high) . The reaction of soil solution (pH – 6,0) is neutral. It was established that the yield of oilseed crops is different under the same growing conditions. The lowest yield was obtained in two varieties of oil radish – 1,51–1,52 t/ha. As to the white mustard it was 1,58 t/ha, and brassica juncea– 1,69 t/ha, which is higher compared to oil radish by 0,18 t/ha or 12 %. Almost the same yield was of false flax and flax. As to the spring false flax varieties Girskiy and Mirage it was respectively 2,16 and 2,25 t/ha, but as to the varieties oil flax Iceberg and Orphei – 2,18 and 2,23 t/ha. The increase yield compared to oil radish in these two crops is 0,65–0,74 t/ha, or 43– 49 %. The highest yield of rape variety Dobrobut and 2,45 t/ha, and in variety Ataman – 2,50 t/ha was obtained in our researchers. The yield increase of it is the highest 0,94–0,99 t/ha comparing with oil radish of Zhuravka variety. The highest yield in our researches was obtained by a rape variety Dobrobut and it was 2,45 t/ha, and in variety Ataman – 2,50 t/ha. The increase yield compared with oil radish varieties Zhuravka is the highest and is 0,94– 0,99 t/ha. The highest oil content was characterized by flax – 51,5 %. In other crop oil contents was significantly lower. The lowest oil contents was in white mustard – 40,6 %. In oil radish and spring rape Oil content increased respectively by 43,2 and 43,8 %, it is higher compared with white mustard by 2,6 and 3,2 %. Oil content of false flax increased compared with white mustard by 3,7 % and amounted 44,3 %. Among oil cabbage family the highest oil content was Brown mustard – 45,8 %. Oil content in false flax increased compared with white mustard alba by 3,7% and amounted 44,3 %. Among oil ones of cabbage family the highest oil contents was in Brown mustard – 45,8 %. The expediency of crop cultivation is grounded by indices of economic efficiency. Cultivation of oilseeds was highly profitable. It is explained by a relatively high yield in research es and high prices for oilseeds. Net profit from 1 hectare was lower during growning of mustard varieties and radish oil, where it was within 7740 – 10 860 UAN. It should be noted that during false flax and flax growing, the profit was twice more.It was respectively 21,750 UAN and 21,450. The level of profitability is very high in false flax (181 %) and flax (179 %). In other crops it ranges between 60–85 %. In order to increase the yield of flax and false flax it necessary is to improve the technology of cultivation of oilseeds. | PDF 46-49 |
| Features of realization the productivity potential of winter and spring wheat varieties in northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Features of realization the productivity potential of winter and spring wheat varieties in northern Steppe of Ukraine Key words: winter and spring wheat, variety, climate, grain, crop yield. The results of the analysis of available variety assortment and grain yields of different varieties of winter and spring wheat in the environmental crop variety testing, depending on the changing hydrothermal conditions are presented. Marked the varieties, which characterized by stable realization of genetic potential of grain yield in a wide range of variation of average air temperatures and conditions water provision.
| PDF 27-30 |
| Spreading and development of root rot of winter wheat in the conditions of northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Spreading and development of root rot of winter wheat in the conditions of northern Steppe of Ukraine Keywords: root rot, winter wheat, spreading, development of disease, predecessors, varieties, pathogens. In the conditions of Steppe Ukraine winter wheat is affected by many diseases, among which the root rot occupy a leading place in distribution and harmfulness. They affect the roots and radical part of the stem, underground internode, tillering node and reinforce negative influence on yield and grain quality other factors: drought, insect affecttion. It is known that the yield loss from the disease could reach 30 %. In 60–70 years of the last century it was found that in the area of Steppe of Ukraine affection of winter wheat with root rot appears annually and is largely dependent on the agrotechnics and the weather. In connection with a climate change, variety composition, agrotechnics, saturation crop rotation with cereal crops there was a necessity for research and studying of spreading and development of this disease in the conditions of northern Steppe of Ukraine. The researches by definition of the affection of winter wheat sowings by root rots were conducted during 2008-2010 and 2014–2015. Samples for analysis were taken from industrial farms of different districts of the Dnipropetrovsk region. The results of studies indicate that the disease in the territory of region is widespread. In 2008, depending on the district of region, variety and predecessor spreading of root rot in industrial crops was 13,2–55,7 %, development – 4,5–21,7 %; in 2009 the corresponding figures were 29,8–72,0 %, 9,8–30,2 %; in 2010 – 19,8–74,0 %, 5,9–32,0 %; in 2014 – 93,4–100,0 %, 49,5–56,0 %; in 2015 – 89,1–100,0 %, 32,1–40,6 %. This is connected, primarily, with high saturation of current rotation with cereal ear crops that contributes to accumulation of infection in the soil, and with features of weather conditions in 2014 and 2015. Significant fluctuations in plant root rot affection within the year confirms the importance predecessor and variety. It is determined, that after stubble predecessor, the affection disease indexes were higher than after the prede-cessor bare fallow, and for sowing wheat after winter rape – almost on level of bare fallow. Among the varieties of winter wheat, sown after bare fallow, in 2008 the variety Selyanka, in 2009 –Kuyalnyk, in 2010 – Spivanka had the lowest indexes of root rot development, respectively 4,5, 12,9 and 5,9 %. It is established that the main root rot causative agent of winter wheat during the years of researcheswere fungi of the genus Fusarium and Helminthosporiumsativum. Our data allow to conclude that the winter wheat root rot in the steppe zone make the progress. The main reasons are: high saturation of crop rotation with crops, leading to the deterioration of the phytosanitary situation; lack of organic fertilizers that increase disease-wheat and limit the development of root rot due to displacement of pathogens, microorganismsantohonistamy. Of great importance in the development of root rot are also weather conditions predecessors and features of winter wheat. | PDF 54-58 |
| Effect of sowing time on the yield and quality of winter wheat in the conditions of southern steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Effect of sowing time on the yield and quality of winter wheat in the conditions of southern steppe of Ukraine Keywords: winter wheat, varieties, sowing, yield, protein content and gluten, grain quality. The results of years of research the reaction of different varieties of winter wheat for sowing in conditions of southern steppe of Ukraine. Established thetrend of grain yield at a deviation from optimal sowing in the direction of early (5 September), and towards the later (October 5). Top yields and grain quality of winter wheat varieties Antonivka and Sluzhnitsia Odeska were in the sowing on 25 September. Purpose was to develop improved agricultural practices of growing products of modern varieties of winter wheat on the fallowat different seeding time. Anticipated todetermine the influence of sowing time onplant growth, yield and quality of grain. Scientific novelty of the research is that in a dry southern steppe of Ukraine for the first time defined the reaction of modern wheat, softkinds like Antonivka and SluzhnitsiaOdeska – in different sowing time and when grown on fallow,found out thatthe parameters of grain qualitydepend from the agricultural practices. Field experiments were conducted in 2011–2015. Laboratory of agromachinery farming crops Institute of oilseeds. In the study of sowing winter wheat were taken into account various factors – namely eath humidity, tempe-rature regym, calendar dates for this technology method, complexx interactions of which createdifferent conditions for plant growth and development during the autumn growing season. The results of the research the optimal amount of effective temperatures for periods of "sowing – stairs" and from germination to the termination of the autumn vegetation recruited plants for planting 25 September – respectively 135,6 and 352,1 °C. Inaverage for five years (2011–2015)at the time of termination of the autumn vegetation close to optimal parameters were plants of winter wheat sowing on 25 September. However, a significant escalation of plants, which led to quantitative growth values most morphological indicators occurred by sowing between 5 and15 of September, while on 5 October sowing grainvalues were much lower than optimal. Sowing and related abiotic and biotic environmental factors significantly affects on the level of productivity of plants. Winter wheat yield significantly varied by year, resulting from significant fluctuations in weather conditions during the years of experiment. In average for most years of research productivity of winter wheat sowing formed at September 25, its perfor-mance depending on the variety averaged 5,36–5,71 t/ha. Compared with the best options for sowing as in the earlier period (September 15), and a later (October 5) resulted in lower yields of grain: 15 September – 0,13–0,88 t/ha or 2,4–5,4%, 5 October – 0,24–0,35 t/ha or in 4,5–6,1%. For sowing of winter grain yield 5 September decreased even more – by 15,5% (Antonivka) and 16,8% (Sluzhnitsia Odessa) and amounted to 4,53 and 4,75 t/ha. Found that sowing time affect on the level of grain productivity and quality of winter wheat. The main indicators of the quality of winter wheat in the first place, it is the content of the protein gluten and its properties. Experimental data suggest that quality of winter wheat in some way dependent on sowing time. Thus, the average years of research on all sorts of sowing winter wheat grain were low in protein: September 5 – 10,4–10,6%, 15 September – 11,2–12,0%, 25 September – 11,1–11,6%, 5 October – 10,6–10,7% . Almost in all areas at sowing 15 and 25 September shaped by better-protein grain. A similar trend took place and content in grain forgluten. So, its lowest number in grain varieties Antonivka was recorded by early sowing (September 5) – 23,2%, and the highest – 24,9% – for sowing 25 September. And the kinds of weat SluzhnitsiaOdeska gluten in grain planting was on15 September – 23,5%, and most – 24, 9% – 25 September. The results of the studies found that when growing winter wheat varieties such as Antonivka and Sluzhnitsia Odeska, the best and most appropriate calendar sowing in conditions of southern steppe of Ukraine, in which properly disclosed their genetic potential is 25 September. Crop as in earlier periods (5 and 15 September) and in later (Octo-ber 5) reduces the yield of winter crops. | PDF 58-62 |
| Productivity of winter barley depending on the types of nitric fertilizers and additional fertilizing | Annotation Productivity of winter barley depending on the types of nitric fertilizers and additional fertilizing Keywords: winter-annual barley, ammoniac saltpeter, carbamide, CAM, Trichoderma lignorum, productivity, economic efficiency. To determine the efficiency of different kinds of nitric fertilizers and additional fertilizing on sowing of winter barley after a stubble predecessor, which are sent to the receipt of high harvest of grain. Researches were conducted in Institute of Irrigated Agriculture NAAS after methodical recommendations rela-tively to carrying out the field tests in unwatering terms. Soil of the experimental field is a durk-chestnut, heavily loamy, salt-marsh with content of humus – 2,3 %, by a closeness – 1,3 g/cm², by fading humidity – 9,8 %, by the least moisture-capacity – 22,4 %. It is set that preseed bringing of ammoniac saltpetre, carbamide and carbamide-ammoniac mixture (САM) in doses N30 and biologic of Trichoderma lignorum (5 l/ha) in mixture with 20 kg/ha of carbamide provided the near productivity laid down 4,29 accordingly, 4,27, 4,28 and 4,29 т/ha. Early spring additional fertilizing of sowing of win-ter barley ammoniac saltpetre in the dose N30 promoted the productivity on all backgrounds of the autumn bringing to 5,18–5,40 т/ha. Thus the increases of grain, that receipt from the additional fertilizing, made from 0,89 to 1,11 т/ha and were mathematically well-proven (LSD05 for private distinctions on a factor B=0,28 т/ha). The maximal increase of 1,11 т/ha is got at variant, where the additional fertilizing was conducted ammoniac saltpetreon abackground the preseed bringing of forecastleman mixture of biofungicide of Trichoderma lignorum (5 l/ha) with a carbamide (20 kg/ha). Difference in harvests (0,04–0,22 т/ha) at the additional fertilizing on different backgrounds kept indoors ammoniac saltpetre outside the error of experience (LSD05 for partial differences on a factor A=0,27 т/ha). During realization of the additional fertilizing of sowing of winter barley the productivity of grain rose carba-mide-ammoniac mixture (CAM – 30 %) on 0,59–0,82 т/ha, that was reliable. The maximal increase of 0,82 т/ha is got on a variant, where the additional fertilizing of CAM (N30) was conducted on a background the preseed bringing of carbamide (N30). The use of ammoniac saltpetre for the additional fertilizing of sowing of winter barley is small advantage above application in the additional fertilizing of carbamide-ammoniac mixture (CAM). Difference in the productivity between these types of fertilizers, which was brought in the additional fertilizing early in spring, made 0,23–0,47 т/ha. On the average on a factor B (additional fertilizing) on variants without realization of the additional fertilizing the productivity folded 4,28 т/ha, and with the additional fertilizing by ammoniac saltpetre and carbamide-ammoniac mixture (CАM) – according to 5,28 and 4,96 т/ha, or on 1,00 and 0,68 т/ha is higher, that is mathematically reliable (LSD05 for middle effects on a factor B=0,14 т/ha). At the use ammoniac saltpetre took advantage in the additional fertilizing of ammoniac saltpetre or CАM, because provided the higher productivity. The greatest the productivity of 5,40 т/ha a winter barley after a stubble predecessor (stubble of wheat on steam) provides at bringing to sowing of mixture of biological preparation of Trichoderma lignorum (5 l/ha) with a carbamide 20 kg/of ha and additional fertilizing early in spring by ammoniac saltpetre in the dose of N30. A most economic effect is thus got – conditionally net income made 7786 UAH/ha at the level of profitability 150 %. | PDF 73-79 |
| Energy saving techniquesin drying technology corn seeds | Annotation Energy saving techniquesin drying technology corn seeds Key words: thermal drying, drying chamber, energy saving techniques, seed quality, sowing and productive properties. Drying of seed corn requires much more energy consumption compared to other crops. Therefore, the search for new energy-saving techniques post-harvest handling of corn is important. The aim of this work is to analyze the known energy-saving techniques and to develop on their basis of essentially new ones, which would have reduced the consumption of traditional fuels for drying corn and have provided high quality seeds. Features of energy-saving techniques were studied on the basis of the chamber dryers of the type DCL-6, equip-ped with heat generators operating on solid fuel (rods of corn). The research was carried out in 2015–2016 in terms of the experimental farm of the SE "Dnipro". In the drying process of corn selected seed samples for the determination of sowing qualities on the methods of national standards and further recommended by the Institute of grain crops. Analysis of the known energy-saving techniques included: two-stage drying, preheating cobs before the main drying, return the waste fluid into the drying zone (recuperation), use maximum permissible temperature, the parallel purge chambers, a differentiated heat treatment, reversal (change of direction of the coolant). All these techniques have a different impact on energy consumption and the quality of drying.The greatest reduction in energy consumption is achieved in the two-stage drying of seed corn. It is carried out by drying of the cobs, and then when thresh grain moisture 20–22 %, with subsequent drying in the dryer, shaft-type. The total duration of drying was reduced almost in 2 times, and fuel consumption by 40 %. However, the decreased amount of energy of germination and germination at the stage of threshing and drying mine in the dryer after a considerable mechanical injury of seeds. Fundamentally different direction is energy-saving drying with the use of generators that operate on fuel of plant origin. Recently in trade networks of Ukraine, there are many generators that run on vegetable fuel capacity 0,5–5,0 mW, but not all are suitable for drying seed corn in the cob.On the principle of heat generation of the heat generators can be divided into pyrolysis (with a closed system biomass combustion) and direct action (open system). The latter have a greater efficiency – 90–95 %. Based on the analysis of the technical capabilities of generators, we justified the basic requirements for their design for drying seed corn: fuel; heat capacity; stable temperature control; sanitary and ecological norms, the purity of products; fire safety; efficiency; logistics characteristics (grade of metal, heat resistance, lining); the control mode of drying; the cost in relation to its thermal capacity; the loading mechanism; removing ash and slag. We conducted a survey of features of work drying chamber of the heat generator TPG-1/25. The basic model of the heat source has an original design and works in the mode of direct combustion of the fuel – rods of corn. Thermal power prototypes of the generators is 2,0–2,5 mW depending on the volume of the coolant. Tests carried out on the basis of seed-growing farms showed high technical and technological, operational and economic indicators of work of a new heat source. The seeds of hybrids of corns, harvested with a moisture content of 20–35% and dried in a dryer equipped with a heat source, a little high of the standard germination and growth. Field germination and yield of such seeds was at the control level (seeds after optimal modes of drying in the laboratory drier).– Р. 82–87. | PDF 82-87 |
| Sorghum – economic and energy resources for biofuel production | Annotation Sorghum – economic and energy resources for biofuel production Keywords: sugar sorghum, breeding, hybrid, heterosis, sterile counterparts, fertile line bioenergy. Now our society is concerned about energy security. The minerals that are mined from the earth is limited. In terms of today's need for energy tends to be rapid growth. So the question arises as to ensure a comprehensive population with energy sources that are continually updated, because the land of plenty. Natural solar energy battery is a plant. With the increasing energy crisis the role of plants as a converter of solar energy in organic matter (biomass) is gaining weight. Recently the question fitoenergetik implementation of the grid, both in Ukraine and in the world. Thus, the waste obtained in the processing and production of energy from vegetable products assimilated almost ecosystem without causing her harm. Fitoenergy can provide biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, butanol and solid biofuels. Culture, able to ensure that all sectors of phytoenergy raw materials in Ukraine is sugar sorghum.Due to their biological characteris-tics of sugar sorghum is highly resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, so it should be resource materials in the areas of risky agriculture. Stable quality obtain high yields of sugar sorghum possible due to heterosis breeding in this area. This article discusses the advantages of sweet sorghum as a bio-energy culture in creating a stable raw material base. The technology of cultivation of sweet sorghum on the basis of which problems arise for selection. The direction of breeding development for the raw material needs of society with minimal energy consumption. Estimated promising hybrid combinations of sweet sorghum A 326, Karlykove 45, Nizkorosle 81c, Silosne 42 (Kript), DN 71, Silosne 42 (Phoenix), Kafrske kormove 186, Silosne 42 (Ananas), which are characterized by improved morphology, yield and biochemical properties compared to standard Silosne 42.Best hybrid combination of sweet sorghum DN 71, Karlykove 45 (Phoenix), Kafrske kormove 186, Silosne 42 (Ananas) in the State testing. | PDF 99-103 |
| Analysis of the scientific-technical and innovation potential of the Dnepropetrovsk region | Annotation Analysis of the scientific-technical and innovation potential of the Dnepropetrovsk region Key words: science and technology, innovation potential, scientific development, deployment, organizations, enterprises. Issues of development of innovative processes in the field of agriculture is especially important in the period of overcoming the economic crisis in the country.Important in this context is the attraction of innovative developments enterprises. The need for this work is due to translation problems of agricultural production on the innovative model of development. The need for continuous of competitive development of grain farming.The main objective of the work is to research the scientific-technical and innovative potential of Dnipropetrovsk region. In 2015, the largest proportion of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who carried out scientific and technical work necessary on the organization of the National Academy of Sciences – 56,7 %, and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences – 26,3 %, respectively. In Dnipropetrovsk region in 2016 amount of organizations carrying out scientific and technical works – 58 of them NAAS organizations – 9. The most important component of the Dnepropetrovsk region is a cadre component of the scientific-technical potential, which is all kinds of scientific-technical personnel capable of produce and implement new scientific-technical ideas, find new areas of application of scientific-technical results. In 2015, the number of workers who carry out scientific and scientific-technical work decreased by 22 % from 12267 people (2007) to 9604 – in 2015. In European countries, amount of scientific workers increased by 2,5–3 % annually. The share of completed research and development work in the gross domestic product (GDP) in recent years and constantly decreases. Negative impact on the development of the scientific activities of the Dnipropetrovsk region and the country as a whole provides a low level of funding in this field. There exists a direct relationship between economic development of the country and the level of scientific and scientific-technical work.The greater the percentage of GDP spent on the development of science, the greater the rate of economic development. In Ukraine, this percentage is very low. In recent years, this indicator does not exceed 0,7% of GDP (in Sweden it is 3,73 %, in Japan – 3,39 %). A result of performance of scientific and technical work in 2016 by the Institute of Grain crops of NAAS in the field of agricultural enterprises – 23 it covered the experimental introduction – 55 developments, including: technology in agriculture – 6; plant growing – 24; animal husbandry – 2; of varieties and hybrids of plants – 23. The introduction in the agricultural enterprises of Dnipropetrovsk region innovative scientific research will contribute to the achievement of food security and the development of innovation on the basis of the agricultural sector of the economy, production of competitive and safe food products, and the growth of economic indicators in agro-industrial complex. Consequently, the increase in its commercial appeal. That in turn intensify the development and implementation of innovation and investment business projects with attraction of private capital. Despite the high innovation potential of Dnipropetrovsk region, the innovative component of economic development not being used effectively. In the region has seen slow innovation activity of enterprises. In 2014, inno-vative activities was carried out 109 enterprises in the region, in 2015 – 63, their number decreased by 46 enterprises. The same trend is observed at enterprises that introduce innovations. This is due to lack of funding.In 2014, the total volume of financing of innovative activity in the region amounted to 825,2 million UAH, of which 88% of the own funds of enterprises.In 2015, the amount of financing innovation has been at the level of 756,9 million UAH, of which 750,3 million (99%) is the own funds of enterprises. This was 11% more than in the previous year. As a result of analysis of the data, it found that the Dnipropetrovsk region has considerable innovative and sci-entific-technical potential and agro-industry, is one of the highest priority in the region's economy, has strong production capacity. But there are some problems that have arisen under the influence of the economic crisis, are: insuf-ficient financing of scientific and technical sphere and innovation in enterprises, reduction of highly qualified scientific personnel, and reduction of innovation active enterprises. A positive aspect is that in the area carried out a systematic and comprehensive measure to improve the situation. There is a very strong relationship between science, government and business in the process of building a foundation for innovation to further rapid development of the region. In the agricultural enterprises of Dnipropetrovsk region should be provided system formation of stable compe-titive advantages and enhance competitiveness on the basis of the complex transfer of innovation in the productive sphere. Accounting for the innovative factor in the long run should become one of the decisive conditions for the further development of economic entities in the agricultural sector. Only such an approach will combine the efficiency of an innovative economic activity of enterprises of the agrarian sector and will contribute to the achievement of strategic objectives. Therefore, the implementation of the transfer of modern innovative developments in agriculture, farming, animal husbandry and other branches of the enterprises of agrarian sphere of region, will increase their competitiveness and improve the efficiency of industrial and economic activity in general. | PDF 107-111 |
Agriculture
| Leguminous are strategical factor of regulation of protein balance and fertility of soils | Annotation Leguminous are strategical factor of regulation of protein balance and fertility of soils Key words: leguminous, soybean, crop rotation, fertilizers, humus, crop capacity, structure of sowings. In the Institute of Grain Crops it was determined that biologization of agriculture, in particular, including of leguminous in crop rotation and use the biological remains, sideral cultures and other organic components in system of fertilizing influences well on saving of soil fertility. Leguminous are favorable predecessor for winter wheat, one of the components of this phenomenous is leguminous enriching upper part of root containing layer of soil by good absorbing forms of nitrogen only on a third less than a field of black pair considering the best predecessor for wheat it does. By foddering to animals 1 kg of wheat one may receive 950 g of milk, 24 g increase of living mass of pigs and 19 g increase of cattle; 1 kg of peas – 268 g of milk, 61 g increase of pigs and 50 g increase of cattle. So, grain of soybean is the most biological valuable (for an account amino acid composition), peas takes second place and wheat as fodder has the less nourish value. Today one may to attain the high results thanks balans between technological link and corresponding genetic potential of leguminous sorts and hybrids only.In view of condition of problem of production of leguminous one can state that in this branch still remains non-use reserve of their productivity and the level of considerable improvement of role of ecological regulator is not atteined. By placement of soybean in short rotation crop rotation filling of crop rotations by crops of this culture had not very great influence on the level of its crop capacity. So, by 25 % filling by soybean of 4-field crop rotation on the bachground of optimal variant of fertilizing crop capacity of soybean was 2,3 and 2,38 tonn per hectare, the same crop capacity was by 50 % filling by soybean of other 4-field crop rotation (2,33–2,38 tonn per hectare). At the same time, by 50 % filling by soybean of 2-field crop rotation (soybean – maize) soybean crop capacity somewhat lower (2,22 and 2,26 tonn per hectare), analogous occurence was observe by 33 % filling by soybean of 3-field crop rotation, especially on the background of chisel tillage. Investigated systems of soil tillage haven't sufficiently expressed difference in influence on crop capacity of soybean, only insignificant tendency to somewhat higher level of yield on the background of plow system of soil tillage (in limits an error of the experiment) was noted. Greater increase by foddering and grain units from use of microbian preparations one received by organic and mineral fertilizing system, and it put together 0,29 tonn per hectare (5,3%) and 0,29 tonn per hectare (4,7%). Greater increase after the output of digestible protein in grain-pair-cultivating crop rotation with use of microbian preparations was in variants organo-mineral system of fertilizing and without fertilizers – 0,04 tonn per hectare. Positive balance of humus in soil one may rich without application of mineral fertilizers. The mail elements of such renewal system are doing up vegetable remains in soil, after-harvesting and pair siderates and introduction in crop rotation two assimilative leguminous peas and soybean. By this use the strow and large-stem remains 3 tonn per hectare in combination with oil retish 1,8 tonn per hectare in form of green mass like an organic fertilizer quarantees equivalent of manure 12 tonn per hectare and annual increase of containing of humus on 0,015 %. Comparison of effectiveness of fertilizing in crop rotation conserning influence on agricultural cultures crop capacity showes high ability conserning quarantee of high productivity. In this case the model of biological agriculture on the basis of use of organic material in form of vegetable remains and siderates appeared the most perspective one in conditions of deficite of traditional organic fertilizers. | PDF 5-11 |
| Productivity of soybean depending on different doses of fertilizer and basic tillage in short-rotation crop rotations | Annotation Productivity of soybean depending on different doses of fertilizer and basic tillage in short-rotation crop rotations Keywords: soybean, doses of fertilizers, predecessor, crop capacity, crop rotation, short rotation. Soybean is the main grain legumes, which determines the level of production of vegetable protein. It takes the main place in the structure of sown areas of grain legumes. Soybean protein is saturated with important amino acids and after heat treatment indicated high digestibility and assimilation. Problem of protein and energy resourses becomes essential in modern conditions for the world's population and also availability of protein balanced feed in sufficient quantities for agriculture in the livestock branch. To intensify thelivestock branchimportant value hasthe presence of asufficient amountof plantprotein andhigh-energyfeed inrationof animals. Increasing of productivityof field cropssuchas soybeanscan solve the problemof feed grainsandproteinfor the industry. In this regard, results of comprehensive research deserve the attention that have been conducted in 2008–2015 in the Erastivska Experimental Station SU Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe zone of NAASof Ukraine, whose purpose was to study agronomic aspects of expediency of different methods of basic tillage and doing up varying doses of mineral fertilizers by farming of soybeans in short-rotation crop rotations in climatic conditions of NorthernSteppe. The experiment waslaid on the background oftwo methods of basic tillage: mould board ploughingandchiseling. We have studied thesaturation of crop rotations by soybean: in two-field crop rotation it was 50 %, in three-field crop rotation it was 33 %, in four-field crop rotation it was 25 % and50 %. In modern conditions because of high-value fertilizers it is necessary to use them rationally depending on the availability nutritious elements in the soil and predecessors. The systems of fertilization in crop rotation were studiedby the scheme:control –nofertilizer; use the increase norm of fertilizer accordingto the results ofsoil diagnosticanduse of fertilizers inrecommended doses; the recommended doses of fertilizer for soybeans – N40R60. Fertilizers made under the basic tillage in the autumn. The results of analysis of structural composition of soil showed that this agrophysical index had depended significantly both on the method of basic tillage and on predecessor. Conditions of growth and development influenced in some way the formation of the harvest and individual structure of plants of legumes. The analysis of the structure of the soybean harvest has shown that its productivity was mainly determined by number of beans and corn on one plant and the mass of 1000 seeds depending on the doses of fertilizers and basic methods of tillage doses of fertilizer influenced on the main indicators of the harvest structure in a great degree than the basic soil tillage methods. Thus, in conditions of insufficient moisturing of the Northern Steppe better conditions for the formation of the soybeans harvest were in sowings of legumes both on the background of ploughingandchiseling after corn for grain in two-, three- and four- field crop rotations with doing up of fertilizer according with normative method by data of diagnostic of soil. | PDF 62-66 |
| Presence of weeds of sort of Cuscuta weeds in fhytocenoses culture Luhansk region | Annotation Presence of weeds of sort of Cuscuta weeds in fhytocenoses culture Luhansk region Key words: parasitic weeds, weeds, fhytocenoses culture. It is especially difficult to be to contest with weeds that on the biological indexes have considerable advantages above cultural plants, live on the fields as a "aboriginal component" and even chemically-agrotechnical innovation, that is applied by humanity in a fight against them does not destroy these sensible kinds, but produces in them immunity and firmness to the measures and facilities them anthropogenic control. Unlike unparasite green weeds weeds are closer related to the plants-owners. In fhytocenoses culture of north Steppe of Ukraine it was educed such weeds-vermin of sort of Cuscuta, as C. cаmpestris, C. trifolii, that parasitized on culture plants both in the conditions of irrigation and without him The study of various cultural plant communities with the aim of establishing the level of clogging their weeds by parasites of the genus Cuscuta. The problem of appearance of these kinds in sowing of agricultural cultures also consists in null data in econo-mies about monitoring of vegetable groupments that territorial fit closely to fitocenoses agro and are the permanent suppliers of seed and sprouts of weeds, illnesses and wreckers. Consider the qualificatory result of rout researches, that weeds of sort of Cuscuta were educed only on cultural plants, and at the inspection of territory fhytocenoses culture, these kinds parasitized on many autophyte weeds that is characterized by different biological features and belong to different botanical families. In the conditions of irrigation vegetable cultures were more забур'янені Cuscuta of campestris, than without irrigation. It is explained obviously by that integumentary fabrics of cultural plants on irrigation are better provided with water and more elastic, that assists easy mechanical penetration of vermin in fabrics of green cultural plants. Besides at the sufficient providing of soil moisture of seed of Cuscuta of campestris germinates better. Fhytocenoses agroof alfalfa sowing were shivy mainly C. сampestris, but cells of dodder here it was in 5–10 times less than, than on vegetable plants. In all fhytocenoses culture most staggered autophyte weeds were exactly Cuscuta of campestris. In addition the far of stair of her was educed in silvo culture on such weeds as Cаpsella bursa pаstoris, Chenopodium album, and Ama-ranthus retroflexus.It is educed that weeds – vermin due to the biological properties are widespread not only on areas with intensive anthropogenic influence but also in less dependency upon a man territories (forest bells, meadows), that is why exactly these their populations carry the threat of maintenance and hit of parasite types of plants on the fields. Consider the qualificatory result of rout researches, that weeds of sort of Cuscuta were educed not only on cul-tural plants, and at the inspection of fhytocenoses urbo, fhytocenoses silvo, meadows and pastures these kinds parasiti-zed on many autophyte weeds that is characterized by different biological features and belong to different botanical families. Аutophyte weeds that happen in adherent to sowing of agro cultures of fhytocenoses culture carry a threat not only as transmitters of illnesses and wreckers but also there are banks distributions in fhytocenoses agro of weeds-vermin.Weeds-vermin due to the biological properties are widespread not only on areas with intensive anthropogenic influence but also on less dependency upon a man territories (forest bells, meadows), that is why exactly these their populations carry the threat of maintenance and hit of parasite types of plants on the fields. – Р. 79–81.
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| Impact on productivity and soil fertility in Steppe the elements of agriculture biologization | Annotation Impact on productivity and soil fertility in Steppe the elements of agriculture biologization Key words: systems of agriculture, biologizing, crop rotations, till of soil, productivity, productivity of crop rotations, fertility of soil. Agro-industrial complex is a very important sector of the economy. One of its main objectives is production of high quality crop production simultaneously with maintaining of soil fertility. But the intensive development of agriculture led to the depletion and degradation of natural landscapes and reducing soil fertility. Іt stipulates necessitates a new system of agriculture, which will fully ensure food processing raw materials, and for the population - quality food and thus reduce environmental risks, which requires urgent implementation of scientifically based measures. The problem of soil fertility decline humanity faced since ancient times. Over a scientific solution to this problem many scientists worked, among which highlight was Mokyshy Okada, R. Steiner, E. Pfeiffer, who developed the basics of organic farming. Today one of the promising direction of improvement of agriculture is biologization. Elements of which focused mainly on the use of biological, rather than chemical manufacturing and technical facilities in order to increase economic efficiency and environmental management. An effective biological factor in agriculture is scientifically substantiated crop rotation, positive impact which is reinforced by expanding the share of annual crops and perennial legumes grasses, legumes, implementation green manure and intermediate crops as organic fertilizer. In Erastivka Research Station of Institute of cereals (north Steppe) in the third rotation of In a 8-filds crop rotations was introduced the second legumes – soybeans. To the organic system of fertilization (12,5 t/ha manure) made changes: added the remains after harvesting of the crop plants and green manures into the soil (oil radish crops after harvesting winter wheat and spring barley). These elements of biologization had positive influence on the productivity of crop rotation. In grain-crop rotation the grain output per hectare increased by 7,8%, the yield of grain – by 7,9%, the production of feed units – at 9,10%, the collection of digestible protein – by 21–23%. Against the background of an improved system of organic fertilizers increase amounted to 11, 16, 13 and 26% respectively. In experiments of Kirovohrad Research Station proved that concentration increase of soybean in crop rotation over 20%, leads to a decrease in of productivity of soybean and crop rotationgenerally. Thus, the yield of grain units with increasing saturation of soybeans from 20 to 60% changes from 4,52 to 4,08 t/ha; output feed units – from 5,08 to 4,90; yield of digestible protein – from 0,59 to 0,50 t/ha. One of the important techniques of biologization of agriculture is the introduction of green manure. In Erastivka Research Station yield of winter wheat after green manure was only 4–5% lower than its yield after black fallow. For replenishment of soil organic matter it is necessary to use supplementation by-products produced of crops combined with soilsaving mulch cultivation. In experiments of Institute of cereals the level of productivity of crop rotation was slightly different when applying mulch tillage system, but profitability of mulch system efficiency exceeds plowing. Proved that the most effective is the organic-mineral fertilizer system (sideline products + N60P30K30), which leads to a significant improvement of soil nutrient regime and increase productivity crops. Among the processes used in agriculture with biologization is minimizing tillage, particularly, No-till technology. But in the Steppe when it used formed lower productivity ofgrown cultures, as evidenced by the results of experiments of Askaniya Research Station (yield of cultivated crops decreased by 16–38%). In general, items of agriculture biologization contributes to improving the conditions of supply of crops, soil fertility, product quality, increase productivity of arable land and a positive impact on the environment and health of people and provides food and ecological safety of the state. The experience of developed countries shows that it is cost-effective development path, because biologization in Ukraine has become an important direction of development of agroindustrial complex. – Р. 88–96.
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| Influence of soil herbicides, on the field germination of seed of paternal forms, of corn hybrid DN Akvozor | Annotation Influence of soil herbicides, on the field germination of seed of paternal forms, of corn hybrid DN Akvozor Keywords: corn, paternal form, field germination, soil herbicide, dosage of bringing.
Results of researches, reactions of parental forms of corn's hybrid are given in article: DN Akvozor, on herbicides of soil action: Harnes, Proponit, Dual gold and Primekstra, at the minimum and maximum dose of their introduction. Specific reaction of seeds of hybrid's parental forms of corn, with a different genetic basis, on soil herbicides and doses of their introduction is established. It should be noted that the phytotoxic effect of soil herbicides by years of research definitely varied as hlorat-setamidy (atsetohlor, propizohlor, s-metolahlor) inactive in the soil, because their action takes place only in the presen-ce of moisture in the soil. After-made lists of drugs distributed evenly in the upper soil layer (3–5 cm) of just under arti-ficial irrigation or under the rain. Typically, 10–15 mm of rain is enough to activate the drug. Therefore, an important factor in the application of soil herbicides are the weather conditions at the time of sowing and germination of seeds. Weather conditions in 2014 during the sowing of corn (27 April), seed germination and the early stages of plant development characterized by the rapid increase of air temperature and precipitation deficit. The average daily temperature in May exceeded by 2.4 °C long-term norm, and rainfall was 124.7 mm or 271,1% of the long-term norm, resulting in increasing soil herbicides. Weather conditions in 2015 for the planting of corn (April 29) differed in terms. In the third decade of April and early May there was cool weather deficient rainfall. Thus, the average temperature in the third decade of April was 11,4 °C, which was at 0,2 °C below the average long-term norm. Precipitation fell for the week of 8,4 mm to 4,6 mm less than the average long-term norm. This weather was the beginning of the second decade of May, which resulted in reducing herbicides. Studies have established: - weather conditions definitely affect phytotoxic effect of soil herbicides: proponit, harness, prymekstra, dual Gold; - the maximum dose of herbicide proponit, harness, prymekstra, dual Gold that manufacturer are recommending for use in crops of maize hybrids F1, more adverse effects on the germination of seeds of hybrid's parental components of corn DN Akvozor than the minimum; - set different response parental components of hybrid NAM Akvozor to herbicides proponit, harness, prymekstra, dual Gold, and their doses. According to experiment, we recommend that in areas of growing hybrid seeds DL Akvozor (♀ Cross 371 M sterile's ♂ DK680MVZS) to apply soil herbicides proponit 2,5 l/ha or harness, 2,0 l/ha; When we choose among specific herbicide should take into account.– Р. 96–99. hite'>46–49.
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