Grain Crops.- 2024. - Vol. 8.- № 1

UDC 633.15:631.526.322:581.14(477.63)           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0305

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 5–10

Dziubetsky B. V.¹, Pazyuk N. V.²  

¹ State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

² Research and Production Farm "MAYS COMPANY", 50 Tsentralna St., Zaitseve village, Synelnykove district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 52514, Ukraine

Topicality. Development of modern hybrids adapted to different climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, able to provide high and stable yields, requires expansion of the gene pool of mid-early self-pollinated maize lines of BSSS germplasm. Purpose. The research was aimed at determining the combining ability of self-pollinated lines of BSSS germplasm in relation to grain yield for their further implementation in breeding programmes. Materials and Methods. The combining ability of 25 maize lines was assessed by crossing with unrelated testers of alternative heterotic groups, followed by testing the progeny of the resulting test crosses for two plant densities. The reliability of the results and indicators of trait variability was determined by the mathematical and statistical method. Results. The parameters of combinational ability of the lines for grain yield were determined. The lines were classified into three classes according to the assessment of general combining ability (GCA) effects. The self-pollinated maize lines SDM95-30, SDM15, SDM2A, SDM96, MS2439, SDM73 and SDM84-35 that had high values of combining ability effects for grain yield in both years of research and at different plant densities were identified and recommended for introduction into the further breeding process. Conclusions. Lines SDM15, SDM2A, SDM96, MC2439 and SDM84-35 are recommended for the development of high-yielding hybrids adapted to the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine in breeding programs.

Key words: maize, general combining ability, self-pollinated lines of maize, grain yield of testcrosses, plant density

UDC 633.111.1“324”:575.222.7:631.559      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0306

^{Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 11–20}

¹Volohdina H. B., ²Rysin A. L.

 ¹The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS, 68 Tsentralna St., Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

²SPAC Stepova CO.LTD., 2a Tokova St., Vesele village, Synelnykove district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 52502, Ukraine

Topicality. The studying heredity pattern of parameters of valuable economic traits, the degree of heterosis in hybrids of the first generation of common winter wheat is an urgent task for developing high-yielding varieties with high grain quality, as well as for predicting the selection and genetic effect of crosses. Purpose. To establish the degree of phenotypic dominance and the level of for the traits "number of productive stems", “number of kernels per spike”, "1,000 kernel weight" in F₁. Material and Methods. Experiments were conducted in the 2018/19–2021/22 growing seasons on the fields of breeding crop rotation of the Laboratory of Winter Wheat Breeding at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS. The research material was F₁–F₂ hybrid populations developed on the basis of varieties MIP Yuvileina, MIP Assol, Podolianka and promising breeding lines LUT 37519, LUT 55198, ER 55023 of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of Myronivka breeding with a complex of agronomic traits. The analysis of hybrids and their parental forms was carried out individually according to productivity components, the degree of phenotypic dominance was determined. Results. The influence of year conditions on the level and frequency of manifestation of negative overdominance in terms of the number of productive stems was revealed. In 2021, 2022, depressed combinations were 26.7 % and 70.0 %, respectively, which is higher than in 2020 (16.7 %). It was established that the main inheritance pattern for kernel number per main spike in F₁ was overdominance, namely 56.7 % (2020); 86.7 % (2021); 83.3 % (2022). Regardless of the conditions of the growing season, heterosis in grain size was found in the majority of F₁ by 1000 kernel weight: 17 (56.7 %) hybrid combinations in 2020, 18 (60.0 %) – in 2021, and 25 (83.3 %) – in 2022. Conclusions. It was proved that during three years with contrasting weather conditions, the first generation hybrids showed a sufficiently high degree of heterosis in terms of productivity elements, which is explained by the influence of parental components, the correct approach to their selection, considering the peculiarities of the formation of quantitative traits. In the selected hybrid combinations, a high level of heterosis (overdominance), partial positive dominance and intermediate inheritance were observed, which will ensure effective selection of highly productive forms in the next generations.

Key words: Triticum aestivum L., hybrid combination, overdominance, number of productive stems, grain content per spike, 1,000 kernel weight

UDC 633.11:581.1:58.056:58.009          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0307

 Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 21–28

Kharchenko M. V., Yurchenko T. V., Pykalo S. V., Vasylyuk V. P. 

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS, 68 Tsentralna St., Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

Topicality. Winter wheat is one of the main food crops in Ukraine and the world. The development of new varieties of bread winter wheat with a complex combination of valuable traits is currently relevant due to the possibility of stabilising the market for environmentally friendly food grains in Ukraine. Purpose. To determine the breeding value of 15 winter bread wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origin in terms of drought tolerance in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and to identify the sources of resistance to water scarcity. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine. The Podolianka variety was used as the standard. Fifteen bread winter wheat varieties of foreign selection were studied. An index approach was used to study the response of wheat samples to drought. Drought tolerance was assessed in the laboratory by germinating seeds in sucrose solutions at an osmotic pressure of 16 atm and determining the intensity of electrolyte release from plant tissues under the impact of the stressor. Results. Over the years of research, meteorological conditions have differed significantly in terms of temperature and moisture availability both throughout the growing season and at certain stages of plant development. The yield of the wheat samples varied from 2.84 to 4.96 t/ha in a dry year and from 4.54 to 6.72 t/ha in an optimal year. The analysis of the data showed that the average yield in a dry year was 1.53 t/ha less than the optimal level. Assessment of drought tolerance by the method of seed germination in a sucrose solution revealed that among the tested varieties in 2021/22, three samples were highly tolerant, and the other 12 were medium tolerant. In 2020/21, all wheat samples were classified as medium tolerant. According to the intensity of electrolyte release from plant leaf tissues, all the studied wheat varieties showed high drought tolerance. The wheat varieties NE 06545, Aliya, Altigo, Vitor, MV Lepeny, Bodycek, Fotima were identified as sources of drought tolerance, based on a set of indices and laboratory assessment methods. Conclusions. The selected genotypes will serve as source breeding material for the development of new competitive varieties with valuable practical properties. Our research has made a contribution to the study of both theoretical and practical aspects of wheat drought tolerance.

Key words: bread winter wheat, variety, yield, drought tolerance, indices, sources of drought tolerance

UDC 633.19“324”:631.559:581.15(292.485:477)    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0308

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 29–36

Fedorenko M. V., Fedorenko I. V., Blyzniuk R. M., Ivantsova L. V.  

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS, Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

Topicality. The productivity of winter triticale varieties is determined by their genotype; however, the formation of its productivity as a whole and as individual components is particularly influenced by growing conditions. Therefore, it remains relevant to develop varieties that combine the highest yield potential with genetic resistance to limiting environmental factors. Purpose. To establish the variability of winter triticale yield attributes and to identify promising lines for involvement in breeding programs as source material. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine. The Amur variety was used as the standard. Twenty breeding lines were studied. The area of the registration plot was 10 m², the experiment was repeated four times. Laboratory-field and mathematical-statistical research methods were used. Results. Our research has found that the highest yield was 4.89 t/ha with variation from 3.98 (min) to 6.17 t/ha (max) in 2020/21, and the lowest yield was 4.33 t/ha with variation from 3.34 (min) to 5.09 t/ha (max) in 2021/22. During the research period, three breeding lines 23014, 23015, 23016 formed the medium spike; the rest of lines formed the long spike. It should be noted that the highest number of spikelets in spike (from 20.83 pcs (min) to 30.90 pcs (max)) was formed in 2020/21, which was characterized by excessive moisture conditions (HTC = 1.72), but it did not reveal a negative impact on formation of florets in spike, whereas under dry conditions (HTC = 0.80) in 2021/2022, the least number of spikelets in the spike (from 17.30 pcs (min) to 22.95 pcs (max)) was formed. The highest grain content per spike, regardless of the conditions of the growing season, was found in the lines 23019 (55.24 pcs), 23005 (53.21 pcs), 23017 (51.98 pcs), but they did not exceed the standard line (55.35 pcs). However, these lines are characterized by high productivity. Conclusions. Based on the results of the research, the breeding lines 22002, 22003, 22005, 22017, 23018, 22019 were selected according to their yield attributes; these lines can serve as a source material for development of high-yielding varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Determination of correlation coefficients revealed that the yield level is influenced by the spike productivity.

Key words: winter triticale, breeding lines,yield components, yielding capacity, correlation coefficients

UDC 635.655:631.527:575      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0309

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 37–43

Chernyshenko P. V.¹, Chernyshenko H. Ye.², Skoblia Ye. V.³  

¹Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS of Ukraine, 142 Heroiv Kharkov Ave, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine

²Testing laboratory of AGROGEN NOVO LLC, 2-V Shyshkivska St., Kharkiv, 61070, Ukraine

³Kharkiv Lyceum No. 170 of the Kharkiv City Council, 11/13 Gastello St., Kharkiv, 61013, Ukraine

Topicality. Microsatellite DNA sequences are widely used to identify the genotypes of living organisms. In 2014, the Chinese standard ‘NY/T 2595-2014. Identification of soybean varieties. SSR marker method’ on the identification of soybean varieties by polymorphism of 36 SSR loci was approved. In Ukraine, there are no approved regulatory documents on the identification of crops using DNA markers, including soybeans. Therefore, the study of the level of diversity and differentiation capacity of SSR markers proposed in the standard NY/T 2595-2014 in soybean varieties common in Ukraine is of interest. Purpose. Study of polymorphism of nine SSR loci in nine soybean varieties and divergence between soybean varieties bred in different countries. Materials and Methods. Nine soybean varieties were used in the work. The variability of nine microsatellite loci specified in the standard NY/T 2595-2014 as the most polymorphic in soybean varieties was evaluated. Polymorphism of SSR loci was studied using polymerase chain reaction with detection of results in agarose gel. The level of polymorphism in soybean varieties was assessed using the Nei genetic diversity index. The classification of soybean varieties was carried out by the nearest neighbor joining method in the PHYLIP program. Results. It was found that the total level of polymorphism of the studied SSR loci in nine soybean varieties, estimated by the Nei index, was 0.57±0.04. According to the studied SSR loci, no identical varieties were found; the values  of genetic distances between all varieties were above 0. The Ukrainian varieties Raiduha and Hospodynia were the most genetically related, and the most distant were pairs of varieties Yunka (Canada) and Ultra (USA), Raiduha (Ukraine) and Yunka (Canada), Hospodynia (Ukraine) and Commandor (France). It was established that the Ukrainian varieties of Raiduha and Hospodynia are more genetically distant from all other soybean varieties studied. European and North American soybean varieties were divided into 2 groups. No grouping of varieties according to geographical origin was found. Conclusions. A significant resolution of SSR loci in the investigated soybean varieties was shown. The obtained results can be effectively used to identify soybean varieties, determine the efficiency of artificial hybridization, determine genetic purity, as well as in drawing up hybridization schemes taking into account remote ecological and geographical combinations.

Key words: DNA markers, microsatellite loci, molecular genetic diversity, genetic distances, divergence

UDC 633.13:631.527           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0310

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 44–50

Necheporenko L. P., Vorozhko S. P.  

Verkhniachka Research and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS, 1 Shkilna St., Verkhniaсhka village, Uman district, Cherkasy region, 20022, Ukraine

Topicality. Cultivars of winter oats (Avena Sativa L.) with a high productivity and its insignificant fluctuations over the years should be involved in the breeding process to accelerate the development of a new breeding material with a sustainable productivity that is independent of the environmental and climatic factors. Purpose. The work was aimed to study and evaluate the collection of winter oats in the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The field, laboratory, and analytical and statistical methods were used. Results. Twenty-one samples from the winter oat collection were studied. A detailed analysis of the weather and climatic conditions for the growing season in 2020–2023 was carried out. The conditions of this period favoured the growth and development of winter oats, although there were some deviations in both air temperature and precipitation. Conclusions. According to the results of three-year research, the oat cultivars with a set of valuable traits and properties suitable for the breeding process as genetic sources and donors were identified. A high lodging resistance was observed in 66.7 % of the samples due to strong straw and plant height in the range of 73.6–103.0 cm. The highest number of kernels per head (100.7-143.6 kernels) was observed in the seven samples: BN 5, SW Dalguise, Gerald, Hopenel, BN 1, BN 2 and Tardis. The studied cultivars are sources of high grain weight per head with indicators from 2.66 to 6.30 among hulled and from 2.25 to 4.25 g among naked cultivars, respectively. Five cultivars with a high 1,000 grain weight were identified: Kabardinets, Gerald, Broshan, BN 2, Tardis, SW Dalguise and Mascani. The plant height varied from short-growing (73.3 cm) to tall-growing (120.0 cm) for all the cultivars. All the samples are resistant to loose smut, crown rust and powder mould, both on provocative and infectious backgrounds. Over the years of research, the average grain yield of hulled winter oats ranged from 5.20–9.26 and 5.60–7.00 t/ha for naked oats, respectively.

Key words:winter oats, collection samples, productivity, adaptability, disease resistance

UDC 633.15:631.526.325:581.145      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0311

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 51–55

Kyrpa М. Ya., Lukianenko T. M.  

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The sowing quality of maize seeds is determined by standardised indicators that do not fully cover the sowing and yield properties of hybrids, resulting in problems with calculating seeding rates and planning the optimal plant density. Purpose. To investigate and establish laboratory quality indicators of maize seeds with a higher level of correlation with field germination and yield. Methods. The laboratory and field, and statistical and mathematical methods were used; in laboratory experiments, seed quality indicators and methods of their determination were studied, and in field trials, the influence of other seed quality indicators on germination and yield of maize hybrids of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine was determined. Result. Indicators that significantly affect the sowing and yielding properties of maize hybrid seeds have been identified, including germination by cold germination, growth rate and seed evenness. Methods have been developed to determine the above parameters. Germination was determined by the simulation parameters of the period from sowing to seedlings; growth rate – by the number of seeds with a sprout length of 5 cm or more; seed evenness – by the seed weight from two adjacent sieves after separation. The current method for determining seed moisture content was also improved by changing the heat exposure. Conclusions. The new seed quality indicators have a correlation level with field germination of maize hybrids in the range of 0.6–0.75, which should be applied in seed harvesting, processing and storage, and the methods should be used in the seed certification system to improve and expand the scope of analysis and suitability of seeds for sowing.

Key words: maize hybrid seeds, quality indicators, methods of determination, seed certification

UDC 633.11:631.53.027.2:632.95        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0312

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 56–62

Olefirenko B. A., Demydov O. A. 

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853 Ukraine

Topicality. Diseases and pests cause significant damage to spring wheat crops and can dramatically reduce grain yields and deteriorate sowing quality of seeds. Effective pest control requires rational and scientifically based application of crop protection products. Purpose. To investigate the effect of fungicide and insecticide treatments during different development stages of spring durum wheat on the seed yields and sowing quality. Materials and Methods. Fungicides Funhisyl, Aviator and insecticides Kanonir Duo, Engio 247 SC were investigated on durum spring wheat varieties. Results. Appling the fungicides increased the grain yield of varieties by 0.18–0.47 t/ha. The MIP Kseniia and MIP Magdalena varieties cropped higher yields in variants with application of Funhisyl and Kanonir Duo during three stages of organogenesis, and of MIP Perlyna variety – of Aviator and Kanonir Duo. When applying only fungicides, the highest yield was obtained after three treatments with Aviator. Applying only insecticides resulted in yields of varieties at the level of 3.29–3.62 t/ha. A greater increase in the yield of the MIP Kseniia and MIP Magdalena varieties was obtained due to treatment with Engio at the VIII and X stages of organogenesis, and the varieties of MIP Perlyna – Kanonir Duo. In variants with spraying with plant protection products, an improvement in the sowing qualities of seeds was noted. The best indicators were obtained to applying fungicide Fungisyl during three stages of organogenesis and in combination with insecticide Kanonir Duo during X stage of organogenesis. Conclusions. Application of fungicides Fungisyl (0.5 l/ha) and Aviator Xpro 225 ES (0.6 l/ha) and insecticides Kanonir Duo (0.1 l/ha) and Engio 247 SC (0.1 l/ha) on durum spring wheat crops during the growing season contributes to an increase in grain yield and improvement of sowing quality.

Key words: durumspring wheat, fungicides, insecticides, efficiency, yield level, seed yield, germination energy, laboratory germination

UDC 633.15:633.15      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0313

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 63–71

Dudka M. I., Kovtun O. V., Dudka A. M. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The productivity potential of maize determines the prospects of this crop in the grain balance of Ukraine. In the context of the crisis caused by the war and global climate change, which has a significant effect on crop production in the Steppe zone, the productivity of grain crops, including maize, is becoming increasingly unstable over the years, leading to a decline in the gross harvest of the crop. Given the changing weather conditions, in particular climate warming, substantiation, development and implementation of agrotechnical practices to mitigate the negative effects of drought, heat and soil moisture deficit is relevant. In the complex of zonal agrotechnical practices, the sowing dates of crops play an important role. Seed germination, timely emergence of seedlings, and optimal plant density depend on the sowing date. Early sowing in insufficiently warmed soil prolongs the sowing – germination period, or late sowing in excessively dry soil results in sparseness of seedlings and low grain productivity. Therefore, there is a requirement to create the most favourable conditions for the growth of maize plants, considering the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of hybrids, soil, climate and weather conditions. Purpose. Identification of the peculiarities of growth and development of maize plants and formation of maize grain yield depending on the sowing date of biotypes belonging to different maturity groups in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. New maize hybrids of different ripeness groups DN Pulsatsiia, DN Atlant, DN Drah, DN Nazar were sown on the experimental plot of the Laboratory of Agricultural Resources of Maize and Sorghum at the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS in three dates. The following research methods were used: laboratory and field methods for determining plant height, number of leaves per plant, individual plant productivity, grain moisture content; statistical method for performing correlation, analysis of variance and statistical evaluation of research results. Results. It was found that the highest grain yields were formed by the early ripening hybrid DN Pulsatsiia (10.27 t/ha), the mid-early hybrid DN Atlant (10.96 t/ha), the mid-ripening hybrid DN Drah (11.61 t/ha) and the mid-late hybrid DN Nazar (11.49 t/ha) at the early sowing date. Conclusions. In the growing season of 2021–2023, the highest grain yield was formed by maize hybrids of all maturity groups at early sowing date. Sowing corn both at the optimal and late time resulted in a decrease in grain yield in corn hybrids by an average of 4.5 and 13.1%, respectively, compared to the early time. Based on the experimental data, it was found that new maize hybrids DN Pulsatsiia, DN Atlant, DN Drah, DN Nazar form the highest grain yield in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine when they are sown on 14–25 April.

Key words: maize, hybrid, sowing date, yield attributes, individual productivity of plants, grain yield

UDC 633.358:631.582/.8(292.486)(1-17)(477)       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0314

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 72–77

Hyrka A. D.¹, Bochevar O. V.¹, Malook V. S.¹, Sydorenko Yu. Ya.², Ilienko O. V.², Aleksieiev Ya. V.²

¹State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

²Erastivska Experimental Station of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, Vyshneve village, Kamianske district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 52150, Ukraine

Topicality. The plant density per unit area is one of the most important agronomic indicators, which depends on both the seeding rate and the soil water regime. This is especially important for the Steppe zone of Ukraine, given the constant water scarcity in this region. The analysis of literature sources revealed limited scientific data regarding the response of modern pea varieties to seeding rates depending on the predecessors and mineral nutrition of plants in the unstable weather and climatic conditions of the Steppe region of Ukraine. Purpose.  To establish the optimal parameters of seeding rate for peas of Haiduk variety depending on the predecessors and mineral fertilizers. Materials and Methods. During 2021–2022, the scientific study was carried out at the Erastivska Experimental Station of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, which is located in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. In the area of the experimental station, the temperate continental climate is characterised by aridity and unstable moisture conditions. The soil cover of the experimental plots is ordinary low-humus heavy loamy chernozem. The humus content in the topsoil (0–30 cm) is 4.0–4.5 %, total nitrogen – 0.23–0.26 %, phosphorus – 0.11–0.16 %, potassium – 2.0–2.5 %, pH of the water extract – 6.5–7.0. The experiment was laid out after winter wheat and maize for grain as predecessors on the background of mineral fertilizers at rates of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ and N₄₅P₄₅K₄₅ under pre-sowing cultivation. Leafless peas of the Haiduk variety, bred by the Yuriev Plant Production Institute, were sown at seeding rates of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 million germinating seeds/ha. Generally accepted agricultural techniques were used in the experiment. Results. The seeding rate and the level of mineral nutrition of pea plants after different predecessors had a significant effect on the yield attributes and grain yield of the Haiduk variety. On average, over two years of research (2021–2022), the application of mineral fertilisers at a rate of N₄₅P₄₅K₄₅ under pre-sowing cultivation, compared to the background N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀, increased the pea grain yield of Haiduk variety after maize for grain by 0.18–0.51 t/ha, after winter wheat – by 0.16–0.32 t/ha, depending on the seeding rate under study. Conclusions. In the pea cultivation technology, the effect of the predecessors (winter wheat and maize for grain) on grain yields of the Haiduk variety was almost equivalent in the case of pre-sowing application of mineral fertilisers at a rate of N₄₅P₄₅K₄₅ and a sowing rate of 1.4 million germinating seeds/ha.

Key words: pea, predecessor, fertiliser background, seeding rate, plant density, yield attributes, plant productivity, grain yield

UDC 631:581.5:633.1     https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0315

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 78–84

Solodushko M. M.  

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. In the Steppe of Ukraine, the moisture availability of winter wheat crops, as well as other winter cereals, is a key factor in satisfying the basic physiological needs of plants in the process of their growth and development. Heterogeneous moisture conditions after different predecessors lead to significant differences in plant water consumption and affect the winter wheat productivity, and this should be taken into account in production activities. Purpose. To determine the influence of predecessors on the water consumption of crops and the yields of winter wheat under different weather conditions in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The study and analysis of problematic issues was carried out by the Laboratory of Agrobiological Resources of Winter Grain Crops of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS at the Synelnykove Breeding and Research Station during growing season 2017–2022. In the experiment, winter wheat of different varieties was sown after three predecessors: black fallow, peas and sunflower. Winter wheat was grown according to generally accepted technology for the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Results. Moisture conditions, considering different predecessors, resulted in a significant difference in water consumption of winter wheat plants. The highest moisture consumption by winter wheat crops during the autumn growing season was observed after black fallow, which averaged 46.2 mm and exceeded winter crops after peas and sunflower by 8.8 and 15.2 mm, respectively. In the spring, with the beginning of the resumption of active vegetation, the productive moisture reserves in the 0-100 cm soil layer under winter wheat after different predecessors were quite significant (158.0–172.4 mm) and contributed to the formation of a relatively high yield However, before harvesting, the moisture availability to plants in the 0–100 cm soil layer decreased to an average of 29.6–38.0 mm. During the growing season, the average total soil moisture consumption was 336.2 mm after black fallow, and 326.2 and 315.0 mm after peas and sunflower, respectively. The yield of winter wheat, depending on the predecessor, and therefore on the moisture availability of plants, was quite high and averaged 5.82 t/ha in the plots after black fallow, 6.09 t/ha after peas, and 4.29 t/ha after sunflower. Conclusions. It was established that the intensity of water consumption of winter wheat depends not only on the amount of precipitation in the pre-sowing period and during its growing season, but is also determined by the predecessors of this crop, which are extremely important and  effective factor in the moisture supply of plants, which directly affects the level of their productivity.

Key words: winter wheat, predecessors, moisture availability, weather conditions, moisture reserves, water consumption, yield

UDC 633.11:631.8         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0316

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 85–93

Likhushyna Н. A., Sknypa N. L. 

Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS of Ukraine, 1Zakhisnykiv Ukrainy St., Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, 85307, Ukraine

Topicality. The introduction of growth stimulants of various origins into the technological process of growing winter wheat contributes to a more rational utilisation of nutrients by plants during the growing season due to the development of root and vegetative systems. Adjustment of technology elements during different organogenesis stages allows us to predict the course of physiological processes of plants at the following developmental stages and  to influence them in a timely manner. Purpose. To study the influence of plant growth stimulants and nutritional status on the formation of biometric indicators by winter wheat plants during different periods of organogenesis. Methods. Field, laboratory, measuring, calculation and comparative, and mathematical statistics methods. Results. In 2021–2023, the research was carried out in the field crop rotation of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS of Ukraine on two nutritional statuses: mineral (N₃₀P₃₀) and organic (biohumus at a rate of 1,000 kg/ha). The application of microbiological preparations Microhumin and Baikal for treating winter wheat seeds contributed to more effective preparation of plants to overwintering, regardless of the nutritional status. Thus, the number of secondary roots in winter wheat plants at the time of cessation of autumn vegetation exceeded by 0.4 pcs (mineral background) and 0.6 pcs (organic background) compared to the control variants. Comparing the nutrition status, it was found that the mineral background contributed to an increase in the amount of accumulated sugars in tillering nodes by 2.5% compared to the organic background. Regardless of the nutritional status, the highest percentage of sugars was provided by variants with the application of Baikal for seed treatment. The best effect on the indicators of general and productive tillering of winter wheat plants was found at the mineral background of nutrition after seed treatment with Microhumin. Microhumin in combination with other preparations increased the coefficient of general tillering by 0.1-0.3 and the coefficient of productive tillering by 0.2–0.5 compared to the control variant. The highest coefficients of general and productive tillering of winter wheat plants of Peremoha variety on mineral (2.5 and 2.2, respectively) and organic (2.2 and 1.9, respectively) nutrition backgrounds were provided by application of Microhumin (seed treatment) + Ecostimul (tillering stage). Conclusions. The studied microbiological preparations contributed to the increase of tillering in winter wheat plants regardless of the nutritional status. The mineral background provided an advantage in the formation of biometric parameters in winter wheat plants.

Key words: winter wheat, fertilizer system, microbiological preparations, periods of organogenesis, development of root and vegetative systems.

UDC 633.11: 632.937: 632.4         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0317

 Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 94–101

Zaima O. A., Derhachov O. L., Siroshtan A. A., Bordiuh A. M., Shevchenko T. M.

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853 Ukraine

Topicality. The establishment of optimal previous crops and sowing dates in accordance with specific growing conditions is relevant, because different varieties have different biological characteristics. Therefore, an important task is to develop the best agricultural measures for each individual variety. Purpose. To determine the plasticity of soft winter wheat varieties, as well as the share of influence of agrotechnical measures and growing conditions on their yield level. Materials and Methods. We studied the dependence of winter wheat yield on the following factors: A – previous crops (5): soybean, sunflower, maize for silage, green manure fallow (white mustard), mustard for seeds; B – sowing dates (3): 25 September, 5 and 15 October; C – soft winter wheat varieties (11). Results. It was found that the yield level of winter wheat mainly depended on the previous crop (35.5 %) and the interaction of such factors as year conditions and previous crop (17.0 %), as well as on the variety (13.8 %). Under favourable growing conditions, the yield depended largely on varietal characteristics and sowing date, and under more extreme conditions (drought, uneven precipitation relative to the stages of crop development), the main factor was the previous crop. According to the regression coefficient, a greater response to the change in the previous crops and sowing dates (bi = 1.44–1.46) was noted in the MIP Dovira and MIP Vidznaka varieties, a smaller one – MIP Yuvileina and MIP Fortuna (the regression coefficient was 0.64–0.69). The varieties MIP Nika and MIP Darunok were most responsive to changes in growing conditions, in which the yield varied in direct dependence on agrotechnical conditions (bi = 1.01–1.03). Conclusions. The realization of the productivity potential and the production efficiency of winter wheat are especially influenced by organizational and economic techniques – the selection of varieties, previous crops, and optimal sowing dates. Their effect on grain yields is determined by the characteristics of a certain variety and soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. Therefore, the selection of varieties for sowing should consider their plasticity as well as the optimal previous crops and sowing dates.

Key words: variety, previouscrops, sowing dates, yield, share of influence, coefficient of variation, regression coefficient

UDC 633.358. 631.8 (477.74)        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0318

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 102–109

¹Byrukina S. I.,¹Serhieiev L. A., ²Kulidzhanov H. V., ³Chepurnykh V. M. 

¹Odesa State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine. 24 Maiatska road St., Khlibodarske village, Odesa district, Odesa region, 67667, Ukraine

²Odesa Branch of the State Institution “Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine”, 19 Laboratorna St., Odesa, 65037, Ukraine

³Odesa State Agrarian University, 99 Kanatna St., Odesa, 65039, Ukraine.

Topicality. The quality of agricultural products is determined by the weather and climate conditions of the growing area and technology, the active component of which is the plant fertilisation system. Regional climatic fluctuations require the search for new crops or varieties and the study of their response to changes in growing conditions and technologies. Therefore, the characteristics of the formation of the main grain quality indicators of winter pea under the weather and climatic conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are expedient to study. Purpose. To determine the effect of mineral fertilisers on the grain quality of winter pea under climate changes in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field method was used to study the effect of basal fertilisation: N_30-45-60, P₄₀K₄₀, N_30-60P₄₀, N_30-60K₄₀, N_30-45-60P₄₀K₄₀; and of mineral feeding with N_30-45-60 by growth stages on the grain quality of winter pea of the Enduro variety; laboratory method – to determine protein content, 1,000 seed weight and volume weight; statistical method – to perform correlation analysis, analysis of variance and statistical evaluation of research results. Results. The results of research on the effect of fertilisers on the formation of grain quality indicators of winter pea are presented. The characteristics of the influence of weather conditions of the Southern Steppe on the protein content in grain, grain fraction and volume weight were determined. Conclusions. A significant dependence of grain quality on specific weather conditions was observed: The protein content was dependent on the temperature regime of the spring-summer growing season by 84.6 % and on precipitation of the same period by 60.8 %, and in the first case it was a direct relationship, in the second – an inverse one; while precipitation during the growing season and in the spring development period had a positive effect on the 1,000 seed weight (r=0.95–0.99), it had a negative effect on the volume weight of the grain (r= /-0.73/ – /- 0.99/). Improvement of nutritional conditions resulted in an increase in the protein content of winter pea grain, but the rate of growth depended on the nitrogen rate in the mineral fertiliser, the application method (basal fertilisation or feeding) and the plant development stage. The maximum increase in protein content was 14.2 % at basal application of N₃₀P₄₀ and 15.2 % at the distribution of N₆₀ into three feeding by stages: spring growth resumption, flower bud formation and grain filling. The 1,000 seed weight decreased with increasing rates of mineral fertiliser.

Key words: pea, winter sowing, fertilisers, basal application, feeding, quality

UDC 635.657: 631.559: 631.526.3: 631.53.027    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0319 

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 110–113

Pantsyreva H. V. 

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3  Soniachna St., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine

Topicality. A comprehensive assessment of the yield and seed quality of chickpea under pre-sowing seed treatment with biologicals and spraying of crops with retardant is a scientifically valuable and relevant issue of our time, which allowed us to choose the best ways to realise the genetic potential of modern chickpea varieties. Purpose. Establishing the peculiarities of the formation of yield and seed quality of chickpea depending on the varietal composition, pre-sowing seed treatment with a biologicals and the application of retardant with different concentrations. Methods. Field and laboratory studies were carried out on the following indicators: chickpea yield, fat and crude protein content in seeds according to generally accepted methods. The research was conducted during 2018–2022 at the Research and Development Farm “Ahronomichne” of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ahronomichne village, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. Results. According to the manifestation of the studied traits, the variant with the seed treatment with Rhizohumin-Plus and double treatment of crops with the chlormequat chloride as a plant growth retardant (the first application was in the 3^rd trifoliate leaf stage, the second – in the flower bud formation stage) was identified. The highest content of crude protein and fat in the chickpea seeds was 30.42 and 4.84 % in Pehas variety and 27.66 and 3.61 % in Skarb variety, respectively, in the experimental variants pre-sowing seed treatment with bacterial preparation Rhizohumin-Plus and double plant spraying with 0.75 % solution of retardant during the growing season. It was found that the treatment of vegetative chickpea crops with chlormequat chloride at a concentration of 0.75 % in the 3^rd trifoliate leaf and flower bud formation stages provides the best conditions for the growth, development and formation of high yields of Skarb and Pehas varieties at the level of 2.53–3.02 t/ha. Conclusions. In the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the complex of economically valuable traits (crude protein and fat content) and seed yield of chickpea in Skarb and Pehas varieties improved under pre-sowing seed treatment with the bacterial preparation Rhizohumin-Plus and double spraying of plants with 0.75 % solution of retardant on vegetative plants (3^rd trifoliate leaf and flower bud formation stages). The above mentioned technological methods of cultivation are suitable for improving the chickpea cultivation technology.

Key words: chickpea, variety, pre-sowing treatment of seeds, growth regulating substances, yield, quality

UDC 633.11:631.531.027.325        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0320

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 114–118

Siroshtan A. A., Humeniuk O. V., Kavunets V. P., Zaima O. A.  

The V. M Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853 Ukraine

Topicality. Among winter wheat varieties, there is a great diversity in the duration of the vernalisation period, which has a significant impact on the adaptation of plants to overwintering conditions. Therefore, the choice of varieties for sowing in the permissible and late dates depends on both frost hardiness and vernalisation requirement. Purpose. To study the features of the vernalization requirement for new varieties of soft winter wheat developed by the V. M Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat. Materials and Methods. The duration of the vernalisation period was determined according to the methodology developed by the Biotechnology, Genetics and Physiology Department of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS. Sowing was carried out with winter wheat seeds that were artificially vernalised under controlled conditions in Petri dishes for different durations (from 10 to 50 days) at a temperature of 1–2 °C. Vernalised seeds were sown to a depth of 5 cm in the field conditions. The vernalisation period is considered sufficient to meet the vernalisation requirement of the variety if its plants have reached heading stage. Results. During three years of studying the vernalisation requirement of winter wheat varieties, it was found that 52 % of the studied varieties required vernalisation up to 30 days, 22 % required vernalisation from 30 to 40 days and 26 % required more than 40 days. The varieties MIP Kniazhna, MIP Valensiia, Hratsiia Myronivska, MIP Dniprianka, MIP Assol, MIP Fortuna, MIP Lada, MIP Roksolana, MIP Darunok, and MIP Vidznaka are characterised by a short period of vernalisation, and the varieties Trudivnytsia Myronivska, Balada Myronivska, Estafeta Myronivska, MIP Yuvileina, MIP Nika are characterised by a long period of vernalisation. Conclusions. An objective assessment of the varietal characteristics takes into account both frost hardiness and vernalisation requirement. For late sowing of winter wheat, the varieties with short vernalisation period and frost hardiness of at least 6 points should be selected.

Key words: soft winter wheat, winter hardiness, vernalization requirement, varieties

UDС 633.15:631.5        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0321

GrainCrops. 2024. 8 (1). 119–126

I. V. Aksyonov¹, M. V. Kotchenko²

¹Education-Scientific  Institute  of Natural and Agrarian Sciences, Lugansk Taras Shevchenko National  University, 52/19 Starosvitska St., Mirhorod, Poltava region, 37600, Ukraine

²Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhii Yefremov St., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

Topicality.The plant density is an important agrotechnical technique in the agronomic design of an agrocenosis and managing the productivity of hybrids.  Variations in plant density affect the growing conditions in the agrocenosis and lead to changes in the quantitative characteristics of plants. Therefore, the study of the effect of plant density on the formation of individual plant productivity and the response of hybrids to cultivation with different plant density in arid conditions of the Steppe becoming relevant and important scientific task.Purpose. The primary objective was studying the responses of maize hybrids to crowding stress, identifying hybrids resistant to growing in thickening of crops, determining the optimal plant density for each of the studied hybrids. Materials and Methods. Five mid-early maize hybrids were tested in the experiment: DB Khotyn, SY Rotango, SY Scorpius, SY Chorintos, Adevey. The studied plant density in agrocenoses before harvesting was 40,000, 60,000 and 80,000 plants/ha. The studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods in crop production and animal husbandry. Results. SY Rotango hybrid had a strong susceptibility to crowding stress in agrocenoses with increased plants density. Increasing plant density did not enhance the yield of the SY Rotango hybrid. The plants density of 60,000 plants /ha ensured the formation of maximum yields for the hybrids DB Khotyn (7.43 t/ha), SY Scorpius (8.4 t/ha), SY Chorintos (8.54 t/ha). SY Chorintos hybrid had a parabolic nature of yield formation, i.e. yield increase up to a density of 60 thousand/ha and yield decrease with an increase in density to 80,000 plants /ha. The Adevey hybrid had a low susceptibility to the crowding stress and formed a maximum yield of 7.63 t/ha in crops with a plant density of 80 thousand/ha. Conclusions. In the arid conditions of the Steppe, plant density is one of the main methods for managing plant productivity and the yields of maize hybrids. The level of yields is determined by the peculiarities of the relationship between factors of the agrocenosis: plant density, number of ears per plant, grain weight per ear, yield. Maize hybrids of the same maturity group respond differently to growing conditions with different plant densities in agrocenoses. The SY Rotango hybrid, which has high susceptibility to the crowding stress, is not intended for cultivation in high-density agrocenoses. The Adevey hybrid is recommended for cultivation in agrocenoses with increased plant density in the arid conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.

Key words: maize, hybrid, plant density, quantitative trait, yield

UDC 633.111.1“324”:631.559        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0322

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 127–135

Pravdziva I. V.¹, Vasylenko N. V.¹, Khoroshko N. M.¹, Shevchenko T. V.² 

 ¹The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, 68 Tsentralna St., Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

²National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko St., Kyiv, 01010, Ukraine

Topicality. In a changing continental climate, the correct selection of a previous crop for winter wheat is one of the main technological methods available to improve the grain quality of this crop. The selection of varieties and breeding lines with the highest level of grain quality is of practical importance in the development of high-quality source material. Purpose. Identification of the influence of previous crops on the 1,000 kernel weight and test weight of bread winter wheat in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, and selection of genotypes with reliably high grain quality indicators. Methods. Seven varieties and four breeding lines of wheat sown after five previous crops during 2020/21–2022/23 at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine were evaluated. The 1,000 kernel weight (TKW) and test weight (TW) were determined in accordance with generally accepted methods. Results. In 2022/23, the highest average values of the studied traits (TKW = 45.1 g; TW = 777 g/l) were observed, and in 2021/22 – the lowest ones (TKW = 38.0 g; TW = 759 g/l). The maximum value of 1,000 kernel weight (42.4 g) on average by genotypes and years was noted after mustard, and the highest grain test weight (778 g/l) – after green manure fallow. However, differences in the effect of the previous crop on grain quality indices for individual genotypes of bread winter wheat were found. The 1,000 kernel weight was most affected by the weather conditions (44.8 %), and the test weight - by the interaction of such factors as year × previous crop (37.3 %). A significant effect of genotype on the studied traits (TKW – 19.4 %, TW – 21.1 %) was found. The 1,000 kernel weight was least dependent on the previous crop (1.3 %), and the test weight was least dependent on the interaction of genotype × previous crop (5.9 %). The varieties and breeding lines of bread winter wheat that significantly exceeded the standard in terms of 1,000 kernel weight were identified: Lutescens 60400 (44.6 g), MIP Darunok (43.7 g), Lutescens 37548 (43.5 g), MIP Aelita (43.0 g), MIP Vidznaka (42.7 g), and by test weight of grain – MIP Vidznaka (785 g/l), Lutescens 37548 (780 g/l), Lutescens 60302 (778 g/l). Conclusions. The revealed peculiarities of the effect of previous crops on the 1,000 kernel weight and test weight of grain should be considered in bread wheat cultivation. The selected varieties and breeding lines should be involved in the breeding process as sources of individual studied traits, and the MIP Vidznaka variety and the Lutescens 37548 breeding line should be used as sources of a set of high grain quality indicators.

Key words: winter bread wheat, variety, breeding line,physical indicators of quality, hydrothermal conditions,preceding crop, coefficient of variation, ANOVA

UDC 633.16.631.816.3        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0323

Grain Crops 2024. 8 (1). 136–143

Palamarchuk V. D., Neilyk M. M., Kolisnyk O. M.  

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Soniachna St., Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia region, 21000, Ukraine

Topicality. Spring barley is one of the key grain crops in Ukraine, the productivity of which can be enhanced through optimising plant nutrition in the fertiliser system. Purpose. The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of fertilizer system and foliar feeding with microfertilizer Aidamin-complex for growing spring barley in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of Organic-D LLC in the Sutysky village of Vinnytsia region, Ukraine in 2020–2021. Field, laboratory, laboratory-field methods were used. Results. Microfertiliser Aidamin-complex at rates of 1 and 2 l/ha improves growth processes, which is manifested in an increase in line dimensions of plants by 1.7–2.1 cm and 5.4–6.1 cm, respectively, compared to the control variant. Optimisation of plant nutrition with macro- and microelements increased the lodging resistance. The combination of N₄₅P₄₅K₃₀ introduction with foliar feeding with Aidamin-complex microfertiliser at a rate of 2 l/ha provided the highest 1,000 grain weight and grain weight per spike (the increase in the number of grains was 0.2–1.3 seeds). This experimental variant had also the largest number of productive shoots and the highest yield of spring barley: Hetman variety – 396 shoots/m² and 3.12 t/ha, Helios variety – 398 shoots /m² and 3.72 t/ha, and Vakula variety – 392 shoots/m² and 3.14 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions The economically valuable traits and productivity of the studied spring barley varieties were significantly improved by applying mineral fertilisers at the rate of N₄₅P₄₅K₃₀ in combination with microfertiliser Aidamin-complex (2 l/ha), in particular, the plant height was increased; improvement of lodging resistance of plants were observed; the highest 1,000 grain weight, grain weight per spikelet, number of productive shoots were obtained, and the highest yields were 3.12 t/ha, 3.72 t/ha and 3.14 t/ha, respectively, for the Hetman, Helios and Vakula varieties of spring barley.

Key words: barley, grain, nutrients, microfertiliser, variety, lodging, yield, crop structure, plant height

UDС 633.14"324":631.434:631.582        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0324

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 144–149

Borovyk S. O. 

State Biotechnological University, 44 Alchevskykh St., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine

Topicality. The role of soil structure in creating a favourable water-air regime in soils of medium and heavy granulometric composition is well known. Thus, the number of structural aggregates of agronomically valuable size (0.2–10.0 mm), which are sufficiently porous and water-resistant in soils, determines the soil adsorption capability and the ability to store and conserve precipitation moisture and use it economically. Purpose. This study was aimed to determine the aggregate composition of the soil depending on the predecessor of winter rye (sunflower and safflower) at various sampling depths. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Dokuchaievske Experimental Field Training and Research and Production Centre of the State Biotechnological University during 2022–2023. The soil structure was determined using N.I. Savinov's method, supplemented by graphical data processing for visual representation of results. Results. At 0–10 cm soil depth, agronomically valuable structure with aggregates from 0.25 mm to 10 mm after safflower was 74.6 %, and after sunflower – 61.2 %. While at soil depths of 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm, higher values were found after sunflower, with percentages of 79.8 % and 83.6 %, respectively, compared to 55.8% and 67.4 % for safflower. Aggregates smaller than 0.25 mm and larger than 10 mm were calculated separately, showing that in the 0–10 cm soil layer, the highest value was 38.8 % after sunflower, compared to safflower's 25.4 %. At a depth of 10–20 cm, the opposite values were recorded: the share of these particles in the soil after safflower was 44.2 %, which is 24 % higher than their share after sunflower. Similar results were obtained in the soil layer of 20–30 cm, where the value of 32.6 % was recorded after safflower, and 16.4 % after sunflower. Conclusions. Soil structure plays a crucial role in forming air, water, nutrient, and other regimes, ultimately resulting in high and stable agricultural crop yields. According to our calculations, the most valuable structure with aggregate sizes from 0.25 mm to 10.0 mm in the 0–10 cm depth was observed after safflower. At depths of 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm, superior values were observed after sunflower. According to the coefficient of structure-forming ability, sunflower is the best predecessor for winter rye, with an average value of 3.6 for the 0–30 cm layer, compared to 2.1 for safflower. This is attributed to sunflower's well-developed root system significantly improving soil structure and aiding subsequent crops in better root establishment. Additionally, more moisture remains in the soil after sunflower due to plant density per square meter compared to safflower.

Key words:soil structure, predecessor, safflower, sunflower, winter rye

UDC 631.86:631.521.54:632.954      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0325

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 162–171

GrabovskyiM. B., Mostypan O. V., Panchenko T. V., Kachan L. M., Pavlichenko K. V., Nimenko S. S. 

Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, 8/1 Soborna Sq., Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region, 09117, Ukraine

Topicality. The high weed infestation is a limiting factor that slows the growth of soybeans area and yield, which is influenced by anthropogenic factors, biological properties of weed communities and crops. Herbicide use remains one of the most important elements of intensive soybean production. Herbicide application remains one of the most important elements of intensive soybean cultivation. As weeds become more resistant to certain active ingredients, there is a demand to study the effectiveness of new herbicides and their combinations. Purpose. To study the effect of soil-applied and post-emergence herbicides on the weed infestation in soybean crops. Methods. Field, laboratory, measuring and weighing, mathematical. Results. The observations showed that weather conditions had a significant effect on the weed infestation in the soybean crop. In 2021, the highest number of weeds by species (an average of 203.2 plants/m²) was recorded in the registration plots. In 2022 and 2023, the numbers were 141.3 and 189.2 plants/m², respectively. The segetal vegetation was dominated by representatives of the monocotyledonous class, the grass family (50.7%) and dicotyledons (43.1%), and the percentage of perennials was only 5.8 %. The application of Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC (4.5 l/ha) and Frontier Optima (1.2 l/ha) and Stomp 330 (5 l/ha) at the third trifoliate leaf stage (BBCH 12) resulted in reduction in the amount of segetal vegetation in the crops of the soybean varieties under study by 71.4–84.5 % and in their dry weight – 63.2–81.7 %. Before harvesting the crop, the effect of soil-applied herbicides Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC (4.5 l/ha) and Frontier Optima (1.2 l/ha) + Stomp 330 (5 l/ha) was decreased, and the application of post-emergence herbicides Bazagran (3 l/ha) + Fusilade Forte 150 ES (1 l/ha) and Corum (2 l/ha) + Achiba (2 l/ha) was more effective. Conclusions. The most effective variant of controlling segetal vegetation in soybean crops of varieties Aurelina, ES Komandor and ES Navigator was the post-emergence application of herbicides Bazagran
(3 l/ha) + Fusilade Forte 150 ES (1 l/ha) and Corum 2 l/ha) + Achiba (2 l/ha) in the stage of 2–4 leaves of the crop, which reduces the number of weeds by 91.3–95.8 % and their dry weight by 90.1–95.1%.

Key words: soybean, herbaceous vegetation, weed species composition, number of weeds, dry weight

UDС 631.5:633.854     https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0326

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 172–179

Andriienko¹ A. L., Semeniaka¹ I. M., Andriienko² O. O., Vasylkovska² K. V.

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 159–165

¹Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAS, 2Tsentralna St., Sozonivka village, Kropyvnytskyi district, Kirovohrad region, 27602, Ukraine

²Central Ukrainian National Technical University, 8 Universytetskyi Ave., Kropyvnytskyi, 25006, Ukraine

Topicality. Today, the issue of biologisation in agriculture, increasing the sustainability of agrocenoses and obtaining stable yields of high-quality products requires attention. The utilisation of predecessor by-products on fields accelerates water infiltration into the soil, reduces surface runoff and wind speed near the soil surface, reduces soil temperature and moisture loss through evaporation, absorbs the kinetic energy of raindrops, and prevents the formation of surface soil crust. Crop residues absorb residual nitrogen and are used by the following crops after decomposition. Purpose. To develop and improve the main parameters of zonal adaptive resource-saving technology of sunflower cultivation and determine its productivity in the Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The effectiveness and feasibility of minimising the primary tillage was investigated under different predecessors and their integrated effect on the growth, development and formation of sunflower productivity was determined. Also, the response of sunflower to the effect of predecessor by-products and compensation rate of nitrogen under different depths of tillage was determined. Results. The complex effect of the predecessor by-products and the compensatory dose of nitrogen stabilised and increased the yield of sunflower grown after winter wheat to 2.72 t/ha, and after maize for grain to 2.97 t/ha. Minimising tillage after winter wheat resulted in an 8.4 % yield shortfall on the background of removing by-products, a 5.5 % shortfall without removing by-products, and a 7.4 % shortfall in the case of mulching and applying compensatory nitrogen. Direct sowing of sunflower compared to ploughing resulted in a yield shortfall of 49 %, 40 %, and 39 %, respectively.  Maize for grain as a predecessor provided higher yields compared to winter wheat under deep tillage by 0.23–0.25 t/ha, under shallow tillage by 0.22–0.39 t/ha, and under direct sowing by 0.96–1.31 t/ha. The yield decrease under shallow primary tillage after maize for grain, the leaf mass of which was removed from the field, was insignificant, under its surface distribution – 4.7%, and under the integrated effect of by-products and compensatory nitrogen application – 8.7 %. Direct sowing reduced sunflower yield by 8.1, 10.0 and 12.2 % compared to ploughing. Conclusions. Growing sunflower after winter wheat and maize for grain gives better results with deep tillage and surface distribution of plant residues of the predecessor using a compensatory nitrogen rate.

Keywords: biologisation of agriculture, plant residues, leaf mass, by-products, yield, oil content, seed volume weight

UDC 631.417 (477.42)      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0327

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 166–171

Dmitriievtseva N. V.             

Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia NAAS, 5 Rivnenska St., Shubkiv village, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Topicality boils down to the need to prevent the reduction of the humus content in the soil and to fully restore its positive balance. The introduction of scientifically based crop rotations in production against the backdrop of reduced organic and mineral fertiliser application plays a significant role in the current environment.  Рurpose of the research is to determine the dynamics of humus content in the main soil types of Rivne region and the reasons for its decline. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on a network of monitoring plots laid out on different types of soil that characterise all soil and climatic conditions of Rivne region. Surveys of agricultural lands were carried out in accordance with agrochemical certification, which is intended to determine the quality of the soil. The study of the content of organic substances was carried out in accordance with DSTU 4289:2004. Results. We observe a steady trend of a significant decrease in the area sown under grain crops and grain legumes from 2000 to 2017, from 214,100 hectares to 77,500 hectares. According to the results of the research within the framework of agrochemical certification of agricultural lands, it was established that area of soils in the region with average and high humus content increased by 4.8 and 4.9 %, respectively and the area with low humus content decreased by 11.1 %. The positive balance of humus was formed due to the cultivation of maize for grain – 1.90 t/ha, grain legumes – 0.29 t/ha and winter wheat – 0.17 t/ha. In the areas under other agricultural crops, humus losses through mineralisation exceeded its formation Production of industrial crops and vegetables is the least balanced in terms of humus, with a deficit of 0.97 t/ha and 0.75 t/ha, respectively.  The research conducted in the network of monitoring plots showed low humus content on sod-podzolic soils of both the Polissia zone and the Forest-Steppe zone. The average humus content was established for chernozem, light-grey and dark-grey soils. Conclusions. The application of organic fertilisers in the region decreased by 23.3 times compared to 1986–1990. The area under grain crops and grain legumes decreased from 214,100 to 77,500 ha in 2000–2017. In 2022, humus losses in the region totalled 386,400 tonnes, or 1.17 t/ha, while the region's humus supply was 478,100 tonnes, or 1.45 t/ha.

Key words: humus, soil, organic fertilizers, agrochemical certification, monitoring plot

UDC 631.51.021/.631.55:633.15          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0328

Grain Crops. 2024. 8 (1). 172–177

Dolia S. M. 

State Biotechnological University, 44 Alchevskykh St., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine

Topicality. Climate change and food security necessitate the constant need for efficient use of agrochemical and material resources to increase the productivity of agrophytocenoses. To increase the yield of maize, which plays an important role in global food production, and given the economic crisis caused by the war, it is necessary to apply energy-saving tillage methods. Purpose. Our study was aimed to determine the impact of different tillage methods on maize productivity and economic efficiency. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Dokuchaievske Experimental Field Training and Research and Production Centre of the State Biotechnological University, namely at the experimental field of the Chair of Farming and Herbology named after O. M. Mozheiko, which located in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods: field trials used to study the methods of primary tillage and determine the grain yield of maize; calculation and comparison method used to assess the economic efficiency of tillage. Results. It was found that the grain yield of maize decreased by 0.28 t/ha due to moldboardless ploughing with PRN-31000, local chisel tillage with PC-2.5 – by 0.50 t/ha, and disking with BDM-2.5 – by 0.63 t/ha, compared to ploughing with PLN-4-35. The highest maize productivity was in the control variant, where the yield of feed units and feed protein units was 8.71 and 7.04 t/ha, respectively. When ploughing with PLN-4-35 tool at a depth of 25–27 cm, the highest economic efficiency was achieved at a net profit of 3,650 thousand UAH/ha and a profitability level of 13.8 %. Conclusions. Soil tillage plays a key role in creating the conditions for the maize growth and development, which directly affects the economic and energy efficiency of its cultivation. In the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the conventional soil tillage with PLN-4-35 at a depth of 25–27 cm is required to obtain high yields and productivity of maize. As an alternative to ploughing, moldboardless tillage with the PRN-31000 at a depth of 33–35 cm can be used. 

Key words: maize, economic efficiency, productivity, yield