Grain Crops.-2019.-Vol. 3.- №1

UDC 633.111.1                                                                       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0053

Diordiieva  I. P., Riabovol  Ia. S., Riabovol  L. O.    Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 7–12. 

Uman national university of horticulture, 1 Institytska str., Uman, Cherkassy region, 20300, Ukraine

In the article it is shown the results of research in the direction of creation of new high-productive forms of soft winter wheat with the use in breeding process of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.). Research was started in 2010 under leading of doctor of biological sciences F. M. Parii. New variety was created in the result of crossing of varieties of soft winter wheat Kopylivchnka and Kryzhynka with the sample of spelt wheat from foothills of the Carpathians with next hybridization of obtained hybrids with each other and with the use of multiply individual selections. In the results of crossing were obtained 12 hybrid populations with wide genetic basic. Hybrid progenies F_2–5 analyzed for the manifestation of morphological and agronomic traits which allows to select four best samples. After analysis and testing on the productivity of the ear, grains quality and resistance to lodging, two breeding samples with high qualitative characteristics were selected, which continued to be analyzed in a competitive testing. Thus it was selected an awn line of soft winter wheat 1809. This sample was analyzed in a competitive testing during 2013–2015 in the experimental plot of Uman national university of horticulture. In the research was used systematic method of sites placement with accounting area 10 m² and plant density 400 thousand pcs/ha. All records and observations were conducted in accordance with the «Methodology of the State Scientific and Technical Expertise of Plant Varieties». After all accounting and measurements, the grain was threshed out of the ear and deter-mined the yielding capacity. The reliability of the research and the significance of the differences between the indicators of productivity in experimental studies were evaluated based on the results of the variance analysis of mathematical statistics and the use of the MS Excel application. During the period of control testing in the experimental plot of Uman national university of horticulture sample 1809 was characterized by high productive (6,38 t/ha), high gluten content (36,1 %) and complex resistance to unsuitable environment factors, in particular, ash, brown rust and powdery mildew. The positive feature of the sample 1809 is the high resistance to lodging, which is associated with low stem (80 cm) and the presence of strong, coarse straw. Sample characterized by high mass of 1000 grains (46,8 g) and grain unit (690 g/l). Sample 1809 in 2015 was transferred to the State scientific and technic expertise with the name Artaplot. Testing of new variety conducted during 2015–2018 in17 State centers of expertise of plant varieties in different regions of Ukraine. During the State scientific and technic expertise (2015–2018) the average yield of the variety Artaplot in the Polissya and Forest-steppe regions varied from 61,5 to 61,9 t/ha, which exceeded the average yield for the Polissya region on 0,53 t/ha but it was inferior on 0,23 t/ha to the average indicators in the Forest-Steppe zone. It was fixed high resistance of plants of variety Artaplot against unsuitable environment factors (deceases, lodging, drought, frost e. g.) in both zones of growing with not significant variation on percent of affected plants. Depending on the growing zone, differences in the weight of 1000 grains were recorded: in the Forest-steppe this indicator was 43,3 g, while in Polissya zone it was 46,0 g. The content of protein in the grain of the variety Artaplot varied within the range 14,3–14,8 %. Accordingly to the results of State Scientific and technic expertise variety Artaplot listed to State register of plant varieties suitable to dissemination in Ukraine in 2019 and recommended for growing in the zone Polissya. Created variety belongs to medium-ripening group of plants with duration of vegetation period 285–290 days. It differs by leveling stems and uniform ripening. The variety has winter type of development. Bush – erect, plants without wax plaque. Ear – prismatic, long (14,0 cm), with medium density, in the phase of full ripeness has red color and long awns. Grain – egg-shaped, large, has light brown color. Variety has good level of winter- and drought- resistance, tolerance to deceases, resistant to aspiration and germination of grain in the ear.

Key words: soft wheat, spelt wheat, hybridization, selection, control testing.

UDК 633.36/.37:631.527         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0054

 Klisha A.I.¹, Kandaurova K.F.¹, Kulinich O.O.¹, Kobos I.O.²   Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 13–17.

¹SEinstitute of graincropsof nationalacademy of agrarian sciences, 14VolodymyraVernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, ukrainе

²State Enterprise «Experimental Farm «Krasnogradske», Doslidnevillage, Scientific Str., Krasnogradskiydistrict, Kharkivskaregion, 63308, ukrainе

UDC 633.13: 52                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0055

Nechеporenko L. P.¹, Orlov S. D.²   Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 18–25.

¹Verkhniachka Experimental Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS,

1 Shkolnaya Str., pgt Verkhniachka, Hrystynovsryi villege, Cherkaskyi region, 20022, Ukraine

²Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS, 25 Klinichna Str., Kyiv, 03010, Ukraine

In the research, the collected oat samples, varieties, and lines of various eco-geographical origin were used. In the process of creating new breeding genotypes of spring chaffy and hulless oat with the aid of hybridization, castration was carried out according to the Shishlows method and 7792 flowers were pollinated, 1119 hybrid grains from 159 combinations were obtained. In the hybrid nursery garden, stable by agronomic and economic value progeny was selected (420 grains). Against the provocative background, the number of forms resistant to crown rust is 2016 was 31, and in 2018, the number was 20. Resulted from research 67 variety samples were selected from the infectious background. Of them, 31 resistant, 33 weak-susceptible and 29 susceptible to nigra loose smut.

Highly productive breeding genotypes (418-5, 475-12, 486-11, and others) of oat that exceed the standard variety Zakat by 0.3−0.5 t/ha and SkarbUkrainy by 0.9−1.2 t/ha were selected in the competition test. The selected lines are resistant to lodging and fungal diseases (7−9 points). According to the results of field research and qualification examination, the Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine was completed with ‘Dioskurii’ spring hulless variety in 2017 and spring chaffy ‘Denka’ in 2018 have been introduced.

           Keywords: oat; varieties; samples; cross; selection, variety examination.

UDC 581.192:633.15        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0056       

  Psiolova A.O.      Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 26–30.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

It is topical to develop the sweet corn with the red-colored grain, high content of antioxidants and of vitamin P.

Anthocyanins change the hue and intensity of coloration in media with different pH values, at different temperatures, etc. Therefore, it is very important that the attractive red color does not change during the heat treatment process of sweet corn cobs.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how the color of sweet corn grains varies depending on the heat cooking.The studies were conducted at the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS in the Laboratory of Biotechnology. The experimental material were the cobs of maize of the F₄ population (CE401xChornosteblova).

For research, the cobs with the red-colored grain on a kernel milk stage were used, on the 21–23-rd day after self-pollination. Three ways of heat treatment of cobs were considered: 1) boiling in plain water; 2) boiling in ordinary acidified water; 3) baking in husks.The grain in the control version (without heat tre-atment) was characterized by intense red color and dense structure. The cobs in the control version were the most attractive  (5 points). The grain tasted sweet and its structure was tender and succulent, but due to the lack of heat treatment, the grain's taste was 4 points.  When boiled in plain non-acidified water, the grain lost its color and became a greenish-gray. Its condition was estimated at 1 point. A considerable amount of anthocyanins contained in the grain were washed out with water during cooking and the water became intense greenish-gray. During cooking of cobs  in acidified water, the grain lost its color only partially because the pigments are more stable in acidic environment than in neutral. The color of the cobs was rated 4 points. This is due to the fact that some of the pigments from the grain are washed out with water and the latter turns reddish-pink. The taste qualities of the cobs in this version corresponded to 3 points: the grain was sweet, but with a tangy taste of acid and denser than in the previous version.

After baking the sweet corn cob in the oven at 180 ˚С the grain color was the best, compared to other variants of culinary processing we studied. Its score was 5 points and it remained unchanged. This is probably due to the fact that anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that are washed out by water during cooking, as a result – the grain is discolored. When baking, contact with water is absent and the color of pigments does not change. The taste qualities of the grain in this version corresponded to a score of 5/5: grain was sweet, non-acidic, the grain structure was slightly denser than that of cobs boiled in plain water.

Depending on the method of heat treatment, the grain of sweet corn of genotype F₄ (CE401xChornosteblova) changed color and structure. The best results were obtained when baking the cobs in the oven at 180 ˚C, the structure and red color of the grain remained almost unchanged.When boiling cobs in the plain water, the color of the grain deteriorated and in the water acidified with 9% vinegar, although it was slightly better, however, the intensity of color decreased and the grain became more brittle.

            Key words: Zea mays L., sweet corn, grain, anthocyanins, color, heat treatment.

UDC 633.11’’324’’:632.95(251.1)(1-17)(477)              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0068

Yavdoschenko M. P., Pedash T. M., Sudak V. M., Gyrka T. V.  Grain  Crops,  2019, 3 (1). 120–126.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 VolodymyraVernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

In recent years one of the promising directions of ecologization of the chemical method of plant protection is the creation and introduction into production of immunity inducers – preparations based on compounds with the ability to increase the resistance of plants against pathogens and phytophages. Such substances are plant growth regulators, which differ from pesticides with non-biocidaland bioregulatory action, safe for the environment, humans and animals,and are used in the minimum rates of consumption.

The great potential of this approach to plant protection is still insufficiently disclosed, and the feasibility and feasibility of combining the use of pesticides and growth regulators have been poorly understood.

The purpose of our research was to observe the effectiveness of the multicomponent plant growth regulator Reastim against the disease of winter wheat under the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine and the possibility of combining plant spraying with the growth regulatortogether with fungicide Soligor.

The research was conducted in 2014–2016 in the crop rotation of the plant protection laboratory at the Synel’nykoveSelection and Research Station of the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the natural background of disease.

The spraying of crops against winter wheat diseases was carried out by fungicide Soligor EC425 and the growth regulator Reastim once at the beginning of the exit of the plants into the tube and ear staining phase, as well as twice in both of these phases alone, in tank mixes with the growth regulator recommended norms. Observations on the development of diseases were carried out during the entire vegetation, and the main records of powdery mildew – during the flowering period on the Geshell’s scale, septoriosis spots and brown rust – during the period of milk ripeness of the grain on the scale, respectively, Geshell and Peterson.

Analysis of weather conditions showed, that they differed, both in temperature conditions and in the amount of precipitation during the winter wheat vegetation, so it was possible to obtain reliable data on the influence of chemical agents on major diseases. Favorable weather conditions for the development of powdery mildew were in 2014 and 2015, brown rust in 2014, yellow rust in 2016, and septoriosis in 2014 and 2015. The largest harvests were achieved in 2015.

The results of the research have shown the effectiveness of the “Reastim” against winter wheat diseases at the level of 30.1–84.6%, and the Soligor – 39.0–99.5%.

The harvest of grain when sprayed by Reastim (average for three years) amounted to 5.74–5.87 t/he, which is 0.14–0.27 t/he higher than control, but 0.30–0.40 t/he below variants with Soligor. The highest harvest was obtained with the application of Soligor at the outlet of plants in the tube and two spraying – 6,19 and 6,23 t/he. Joint application of SoligorandReastim in the ear eruption phase contributed to an increase in harvests for all years of research at 0.41–0.63 t/he.

Summarizing the results of the research, it can be highlighted, that one or two-time spraying of crops by Soligor (the output of plants in the tube and earing), depending on the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops, protects them from diseases and increased harvest by 0.63 and 0.67 t/he. The growth regulator Reastim showed insignificant fungicidal effectiveness against diseases and increased the harvestonly by 0.14–0.27 t/he. Joint usage of fungicide with the growth regulator was only feasible in theearing phase.

Key words: winter wheat, fungicide, growth regulator, powdery mildew, rust, septoriosis, root rot, harvest.

UDC 633.15:631.559/.582 (477.63)                                                          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0058

Desyatnyk L. M., Shevchenko M. S., Shvets N. V., Khyzhnyak A. A. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (1). 37–44.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str.,

Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

Market stimulation and giving priority to the production of maize grain caused a significant restructuring of agrotechnological systems, which are associated with a high rate of change in the structure of crop areas, a radical focus on soil protection methods of soil cultivation and the problem of the use of alternative organic fertilizers.

Principal scientific solution requires the replacement of traditional organic fertilizers - manure on the residues of agricultural crops or sideral organics. Over the past 30 years, the use of manure has decreased from 7.3 t/ha of arable land to 0.2 t/ha, which excludes the renewable resource of organic matter from the balance of humus.

In the radical transformation of the organo-mineral fertilizer system, the main cultivation of the soil becomes a new value, which substantially changes the positional arrangement of nutrients in the arable layer. As you know, the availability of nutrients for plants to a large extent depends on the nature of the compatibility of their distribution in the rhizosphere of agricultural crops. Different vertical or plane positioning of fertilizers in the soil in the conditions of limited scope of their application will allow to effectively adjust the cost recovery for the formation of power regimes.

High functional value of natural fertility and payback of fertilizers will provide the expected result only in the case of optimization of soil-ecological directions.

The organic fertilizer system on the basis of seed crops, plant residues and manure allowed to raise the grain yield of corn by 0.11–0.36 t/ha, but yielded to the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers and their combination with manure.

Direct application of maize to manure did not provide a full effect on the yield of this crop,  since  in

the short period the processes of humification and nitrification did not go through the full cycle and did not obtain available forms for plant nutrition.

Its regulatory significance as regards the effectiveness of fertilizer use has also been shown by the methods of basic soil cultivation. This tendency has become especially persuasive in the dry conditions of the Rosivska state agricultural research station. Thus, the introduction of N₆₀P₄₀K₃₀ in the background of deep plowing plow provided an increase of 1.20 t/ha of grain, while flatly different cultivation caused a decrease in the growth to 1.0 t/ha.

The analysis of experimental data obtained in stationary 5, 7 and 8-way crop rotations in the southern and northern parts of the Steppe zone was carried out. The influence of predecessors on the yield of corn grain during its placement in crop rotation after winter wheat, sunflower and spring barley has been studied. The agrobiological role of long and rotary plowing, chisel cultivation and No-till system in growing corn is established. The efficiency of the sideral and byside organic matter, manure, mineral fertilizers in different combinations and places of the rotational scheme is determined. To reveal the adaptive dependence of corn agrobiocenoses on soil-climatic conditions of cultivation.

In the multi-factor model of agriculture, which includes crop rotation, basic soil cultivation and application of various types of fertilizers, it has been established that corn cultivation has a wide range of productive reaction within the range of 2.73–6.35 t/ha. In this case, the disadvantages of the crop rotation factor can be partially offset by the main cultivation of soil and the integrated introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers. The best agrobiophysical conditions for the growth and development of corn are due to the deep-grazing cultivation and the application of 30 t/ha of manure at the same time N₉₀P₆₀K₆₀.

Key words: crop rotation, corn, tillage, manure, mineral fertilizers, predecessors, yield, grain.

UDC 633.12:631.58/.53.048                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0062 

Tkalich I. D., Tkalich Yu. I., Bochevar O. V., Sydorenko Yu. Ya., Ilienko O. V.    Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 68–76.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

The influence of mineral fertilizer norms on the background of surface cultivation of soil and plowing on the crop yield of buckwheat variety Liubava in post-harvest crops, as well as the reaction of crop on seeding methods and seeding rates, was investigated.

Field experiments on fertilizing and soil cultivating were laid in the farm holding "Victoria" of the Magdalynivka district of the Dnipropetrovs’k region. The studies of the sowing methods and the seeding rates of the buckwheat were carried out in LLC "Svitanok" of Novomoskovs’k district of the Dnipro-petrovs’k region. Soil of experimental plots – ordinary chernozem, middle loamy. The content of humus in the arable layer of soil is 4.0–4.2%, mobile nitrogen – 1.6–1.8 mg, P₂O₅ – 10.3–10.5%, exchangeable potassium – 12.4–13.5 mg per 100 g of soil.

After harvesting the rye for the green feed, the soil was cultivated with a heavy harrow to a depth of 8–10 cm, and the separate plots were plowed to a depth of 20–22 cm. Under the pre-sowing cultivation, the mineral fertilizers were applied according to the experimental scheme. Buckwheat seeding was carried out with a seed drill SZ-3.6 with a seeding rate of 2.5 million of germinated grains per hectare. After sowing, the field was pressed with cross-kill rollers. Buckwheat was harvested in a two-phase way when browning of 75% grains.

In the Steppe, in the post-tipped period, an average of 142 mm of precipitation falls, which is sufficient to maintain optimum soil moisture for growth and development of buckwheat plants. In 40% of years their number may decrease to 107–124 mm or increase to 178–210 mm. During the years of our research, the buckwheat moisture content was satisfactory.

The results of the research showed that increasing the seed rate and the widening spaces between rows, decreases the plant nutrition, increases the unevenness of their placement, decreases their moisture content, nutrition and illumination, which leads to the reduction of agrophytocenosis of buckwheat due to the loss of weaker plants.

In ordinary crops with row spacings of 15 cm and direct sowing with seed drill SZS-2.1 in plants due to less branching-out than in wide-rowed, a smaller number of inflorescences and grains were formed, which reduced their productivity and crop yield, despite a larger number of plants per hectare. Within the ordinary and wide-rowed crops by productivity the plants differed a little.

With thickening of plants in all sowing methods, the productivity of buckwheat naturally decreased. Thus, if the seed is sown at a rate of 1.0 million per hectare on average for 2013–2015 at ordinary sowing (15 cm), the weight of the grains from the plant was 0.63 g, at wide-rowed (45 cm) – 0.80 g, then at a rate of 3.5 million/ha – 0.23 and 0.33 g, respectively.

The most favorable ratio of the number of plants on the area and their productivity was formed at sowing using the wide-rowed method (45 cm) and the seeding rate of 2.0 million /ha, which provided the highest crop yield (1.08 t/ha) with minimal energy consumption. The crop yield of buckwheat grain was reduced by 0.06 t/ha at the sowing with spacing between rows of 70 cm, by 0.17 t/ha – at direct sowing with a seed drill SZS-2.1 and by 0.18 t/ha – in an ordinary sowing crop. The optimum seeding rates for buckwheat at wide-row sowing manner (45, 70 cm) are 2.0 million ha/ha, and ordinary (15, 22.5 cm) – 2.5 million/ha.

Substantially influenced on growth of buckwheat plants and their branching-out the soil cultivation and fertilization. The best rate for mineral fertilizer application for post-topped buckwheat was N₉₀P₆₀, but the highest payback of fertilization with grain increments and its lowest cost was observed when introducing N₆₀P₃₀.

In most years of researches, plowing did not have the advantage over the surface soil cultivation, and due to more cost, its holding proved to be an economically disadvantageous agro-investment in the technology of growing post-harvested buckwheat.

Key words: buckwheat, soil tillage, mineral fertilizers, sowing methods, seeding rate.

 UDC 633.11«324»:631.811.1/.559:57.014      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0063 

Gasanova I. I., Yerashova M. V., Pedash O. O.      Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 77–82.

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str.,Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

Based on the results of triennium experimental studies, the features of the effect of nitrogen top dressingon the yielding capacity and grain qualityof modern varieties of soft winter wheat in the Northern Steppe were discovered. The field trial was placed after the spring barley. The amount of mineral fertilizers under pre-sowing cultivation was N₆₀P₆₀K₃₀. Three varieties of winter wheat were sown: Kohanka (SI TheInstitute of Grain Crops), Pylypivka and Misia Odes’ka (Selectionand Genetic Institute). All the varieties belong to the erythrospermumsubvariety. The variantsof nitrogen top dressingwere as follows: without application (control); N₃₀ applied early in the spring on frozen-thawed soil (FTS); N₆₀  applied early in spring on FTS; N₃₀  applied locallyat the end of the tillering phase; N₃₀applied early in the spring on FTS+ N₃₀ locally at the end of the tillering phase; N₆₀  applied locallyat the end of the tillering phase; N₆₀ applied early in the spring on FTS+ N₃₀ locally at the end of the tillering phase.

The nitrogen top dressing of winter wheat crops after the stubble predecessor on the background of the N₆₀P₆₀K₃₀ provided grain yield 4,24–5,62 t/ha, on average for 2016–2018. Depending on the variant of nitrogen application, the increasing of grain yield of winter wheat varieties as compared to the control (without fertilization) ranged from 0,36 to 1,20 t/ha. The best results were obtained at the single application of nitrogen fertilizer on frozen-thawed soil with a dose of 60 kg/ha (AI) and in two stages –N₆₀  applied early in the spring on frozen-thawed soil+ N₃₀ locally at the end of the tillering phase. Among the winter wheat varieties the greater crop yield was noted in the variety Pylypivka, the less – in the variety Misia Odes’ka.

It was found that the application of N₃₀ early in the spring on FTS+ N₃₀ locally at the end of the tillering phase contributed to the formation of the highest protein and gluten contents in winter wheat grain (the amount of protein in the grain, depending on the variety, varied from 11,7 to 12,5%, and gluten –19,0–23,1%). The winter wheat variety Pylypivka exceeded other varieties by such indicators as the grain-unit and the sedimentation value.

Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, nitrogen fertilization, yielding capacity, grain quality, protein, gluten.

UDK 631.5:631.51        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0064

Shevchenko M.  S.¹, Shevchenko S.  M.², Derevenets-Shevchenko K. A.¹,  Shvets N. V.¹  Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (1). 83–92.

¹ SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе

²Dnipro National Agricultural-Economical University, 25 Yefremova str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе

            On the basis of multiyear field time and stationary experiments on the study of the effectiveness of herbicides, the distribution of weeds and the impact of agricultural factors, features of the transformation of their species composition were established. It was established that the high regulatory capacity against the botanical  composition  of  weeds was determined by herbicides, the structure of sown areas, the phytocoenic density of crops and the intensity of soil cultivation.

            The most characteristic of the newest cycle of development of agriculture was the universalization and growth of phytotoxic action of herbicides up to 90–97% and the transition to minimizing soil cultivation. The theoretical conclusion about necessity of constant correction of phytotoxic spectrum of herbicides and differentiation of cultivation of soil in crop rotation is made.

It is established, according to which agro-ecological scenario can develop the situation in the herbological, herbicidal and agro-system agriculture. In the conditions of intensive diversification of agrarian production and concentration of markets, the new meaning is filled with the concept of crop rotation and system alternation of crops. At the forefront is no longer the dependence of the productivity of culture from the predecessor, and the permissibility of saturation with their toxicants herbicide origin. Avoid the uncontrolled spread of herbicides should be a scientifically grounded alternation of pesticide-containing (corn, sunflower) and phytocoenocisal-resistant (winter wheat) crops.

To overcome the negative effects of herbicides on crops in crop rotation, it is necessary to introduce into the agricultural practice the accounting of used herbicides in each rotational line.

A trend that accelerates the use of combined herbicides can be an additional impetus for accelerating by the weeds acquired resistance to the active substance of preparations of different chemical classes. Therefore, in order to prevent the evolutionary occurrence of herbicide immunity, every 10 years it is necessary to change the phytotoxic concept on the basis of new mechanisms of depression of weeds.

Key words: agriculture, weeds, herbicides, crop rotations, agricultural crops, weedeness, phytoto-xicity, species composition, transformation, prognosis.

UDC 631.51: 631.8: 633.854.78                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0065 

Tsyliuryk O.I.             Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 93–101.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhii Efremov Str., Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine

Significant limiting factors for the cultivation of grain crops are the degree of defeat by diseases and pest damage. Despite the widespread introduction of modern high-performance chemical protection products, they continue to be harmful objects that reduce crop by more than a third.

The purpose of the work is to determine the peculiarities of damage by pests and  defeat by diseases of the main grain crops (corn, winter wheat) depending on the methods and the system of  basic  soil  cultivation and fertilizer.

The experimental part of the work was conducted during 2001–2015 in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of the research in the long-term stationary experiments of the DPDG «Dnipro» in the Institute of Agriculture of steppe zone of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Dnipropetrovsk region). Experiments are laid out in triple repetition, the total area of sown area is 330 m², and accounting area is 100 m².

There was a tendency to increase the damage by wireworms (seedlings – 15,2–16,4 %, seeds – 15,1–17,6 %) of corn plants for mulching soil cultivation (flat cutting) with abandonment on the surface and wrapping in the upper layer (0–16 cm) of the plant residues of the predecessor (spring barley). The conducting of board cultivation contributed to the removal of many wireworms (Elateridae) on the surface of the soil, where it died due to physical drying under the influence of sun rays and destroyed by birds in the fall immediately after cultivation. In this case, the damage to seedlings and seeds decreased to 10,9–13,0 and 9,2–12,8 % respectively, or by 3,4–4,3 and 4,8–5,9 % less than that of the shallow mulching system. The system of differentiated cultivation occupied an intermediate position with respect to corn damage by wireworms (seedlings – 13,6–14,8 %, seeds – 12,9–15,2 %). Incorporation of fertilizers under corn in a dose of N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ contributed to better growth and endurance (tolerance) of plants irrespective of the system of cultivation, damage of seedlings and seeds by wireworms was reduced by 1,2 and 1,4 times, respectively.

The corn damage by corn moth was at a low level and fluctuated within 1,4–2,5 % with increasing damage in a shallow mulching system of cultivation in 1,5–1,7 times, due to the presence of plant remains in it, in which well preserved and wintering dolls of corn mothes in contrast to the board cultivating system, where, on the contrary, they burrow in the lower layers of the soil and die.

There was a tendency to decrease the development of root rot in the variants of board soil cultivation, in comparison with disk, chisel and non-board cultivation in 1,1–1,25 times, as well as on the uncoated background in relation to fertilizer, which is explained by the plowing of the cultivars and reduction of the period of infection non-nourished plants due to their premature maturation and drying.

The use of boardand differentiated soil cultivation systems for corn growing provides for the most complete destruction of pathogens (mold seedlings and root rot, plants with bile ducts, early illnesses) and pests (wireworms, stalk mothes, cotton scoops) that hibernate and remain in plant remains. Indicators of defeat by diseases and damage by pests are reduced by 1,4–1,6 times as a result of tillage of plant remains along with pathogens in the lower layers of the soil. The use of shallow mulching cultivation requires additional regulations on the control of pests and diseases, provided they exceed the economic thresholds for their harmfulness, which requires additional costs of material resources, especially in the years of significant manifestation of harmful objects.

The damage of winter wheat plants to root rotates decreases in areas with board soil cultivation by 1,1–1,25 times, as well as in the unpolluted background in relation to fertilized by tillage postbreeding remains and the reduction of the period of infection of non-fertilized plants due to their premature maturation and drying.

Key words: winter wheat, corn, damage by pests, defeat by diseases, basic soil cultivation, fertilizer system.

UDC 631.452: 631.512 (477.6)       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0066

Medvedyev E. B.  Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 102–109.

Lugansk Institute of Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 Oktyabrska Str., Village of Metalist, Slavyanoserbsk district, Lugansk region, 93733, Ukraine

The article shows the results of studies on the impact of the main tillage methods on the soils structural-aggregate composition in the link of grain-fallow-tilled crop rotation (winter wheat – peas – winter wheat) under conditions of the northern plains of Ukraine in 2010–2012.

It was found that when growing peas after winter wheat on the corn of milky-wax ripeness in all the years of research, plowing compared with beard lesstreat ment contributed to the formation of the best agronomical structure in the upper (0−10 cm) soil layer. So, on average over the years of  research  in  the  spring before applying the pre-sowing treatment of the soil, the difference in the content of agronomically valuable aggregates (10–0.25 mm) and the value of the structural coefficient in this layer in favour of plowing was, respectively, 3.5% and 0.19. This was due to a decrease in the number of structural units with a size of  >10 mm. On average, over the years of research, there were less of them by 3.9% at the mouldboard plowing compared to aboardless treatment. By the time of harvesting, this trend continued, except for 2012, in which the difference in these indicators in terms of treatment options was almost not observed during this period. Significant differences in the addition of structural aggregates in soil layers of 10–20 and 20–30 cm have not been established for the experimental variants.

In winter wheat crops after all predecessors, there is no clear difference in the structural indicators in the arable layer of the soil over the years of research.

The studies revealed a tendency to an increase in the number of pulverescent aggregates

Regarding aggregates of size >10 mm, by the time of harvest, there was a tendency to reduce their number in the entire arable layer of soil in all crops of the crop rotation link mainly during all the years of research, which contributed to the improvement of its structural indicators.

The indicators of the structural aggregate composition of the soil with different ways of its procthreessing did not lead to the emergence of a significant difference in the water regime, bulk density, microbiological activity in the soil, the crop yield of the crop rotation link, which is confirmed by our previously published studies.

            Key words: soil treatment, structural-aggregate composition, pea, winter wheat, soil layer.

UDC 631.581: 631.51: 631.432      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0067

Tsyliuryk O. I.             Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (1). 110–119.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhii Efremov Str., Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine

The level of crop yield and gross collection of winter wheat grain is determined by the general level of production and the state of food security of Ukraine. Therefore, the use of modern technologies, one of which elements is the optimal dosage of fertilizers, and the right choice of methods for basic soil cultivation, in combination with other elements of technology and weather conditions, provide maximum level of productivity of plants. The mutual influence of various factors on the size of the grain crop related to the soil cultivation is complex, sometimes somewhat different depending on the years and the growing zone, and therefore requires additional research to determine the optimal methods and systems of soil cultivating in order to increase the yield of winter wheat, especially in recent decades of global warming.

The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of a grain yield of fallowwinter wheat under the influence of different systems of basic soil cultivation and fertilization and the determination of the optimal variant of arable land tillage.

Different ways of the basic cultivation of fallow (disk, chisel, board) provided in the experiments practically the same productivity of winter wheat. It should be noted the tendency to reduce the yield of grain in the early fallow after barley, compared with fallow against the background of no fertilizer at 0,10–0,20 tons/ha, or 2,7–3,8 %.

Deep board cultivation of fallow did not have advantages compared to shallow disk cultivation, as opposed to spring-like, loose soil tillage, where lower fertilizer yields were obtained within individual fertilizer options (no tufts, N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀). At the same time, application of N₆₀ in spring in combination with P₃₀K₃₀ under pre-sowing cultivation provided grain yield at the control level (tillage – 5,50, early fallow – 5,52 t/ha).

Use of board cultivation with the addition of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ contributed to extra grain yield of 0,28 t/ha, disk – 0,38, flat cutter – 0,33 t/ha, and N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ – respectively 0,26; 0,43 and 0,48 t/ha. The low growth of grain yield from mineral fertilizers, in particular nitrogen, is due to lack of rainfall during the formation of reproductive organs in plants.

During the experiment, the deep tillage of fallow on all agrophons without exception allowed the production of food grain with the content of protein 11,6–12,4 %, and gluten 23,3–26,2 %. Autumn disk and spring flat cutting of the fallow field caused the annual receipt of grade 3 grain only when N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ was added (protein – 11,6–12,3 %, gluten – 22,6–24,6 %).

When engaging in the crop rotation of the by-products of crop rotation, the introduction of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ under winter wheat, placed on a fallow, contributed (as compared to the unhealthy background) to increasing the content of protein in the grain by 0,6–1,0 %, gluten – by 1,9–2,6 %, and N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ – by 0,8–1,4 % and 2,0–3,0 % respectively.

Thus, the use of an early fallow after sunflower during winter wheat cultivation provides crop at the level of board, chiuzel and disc cultivation, that is, different pairs and methods of cultivating them are equivalent. At the same time, the introduction of an early fallow after a corn forehead (barley) and after corn in the process of engaging in the cycle of all the by-products of cultivated crops leads to a partial immobilization of nitrogen compounds of soil under wintering in the spring and to a tendency to decrease the grain yield by 0,10–0,20; 0,02–0,15 t/ha (or 2,70–3,80 and 0,10–0,15 %) compared to other soil cultivation.

             Key words: winter wheat, basic soil cultivation, fertilizer system, early fallow, predecessors, grain yield.

UDK 631.1:631.815:620.93:633.34         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0078

Soybean is the leading legumes  in the world, the area under soybean ranked fourth, second only to wheat, rice and maize. Soybeans grow over 40 countries with a total area of over 100 million hectares. Such a spread of soya is due to the unique chemical composition, which determines the universality of its use as an important food, technical, fodder and agrotechnical culture.

After the cultivation of soya in the soil remains 60–90 kg/hectare of biofixed nitrogen, it clears the field from weeds, therefore, it is a good predecessor for various crops. At that, for the formation of 100 kg of seeds, this culture needs 7,2–10,0 kg of nitrogen, 1,7–4,0 kg of phosphorus and 2,2–4,4 kg of potassium. The present amount of macro-element of phosphorus in our soils is not enough and it is necessary to ensure the needs of soybeans throughout the growing season.

In the Erastivska research station of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAASof Ukraine in 2011–2015 researcheshave been conducted to ground  not only agricultural but also economic and energy aspects  of growing soybeans with the effective use of water-soluble compounds of phosphorus with incrustation of seeds and foliar fertilization of soybeansin the concrete soil and climatic conditions of NorthernSteppe.

The soil research site is ordinary little humus heavy loamy chernozem. Characterizing the weather conditions during the period of the research should be noted that 2011, 2013 and 2015 were quite favorable in relation of moisturing, and 2014 were drought in different degree, uttery drough appeared 2012.

The complicated local character of the weather conditions, in a certain way, allowed to more fully study the impact of the measures developed.

According to the results of the researches, positive effect of sunflower seeds treatment and plant nutrition has been established, namely: application of 200 g/t of water-soluble phosphorus-containing preparation Antistress for incrustation of soybean seeds, in combination with the pretreatment, ensured the formation of high productivity – 2.58 t/ha. At the same time, the lowest cost was noted, and profitability was at the level of 167  %. Induced feeding with Antistress (1.5 l/ha) slightly inferior to economic indicators – the cost increased by 5%, and profitability decreased by 13 percentage points. Regarding energy indicators of soybeans it is established that maximum accumulation of gross energy is formed on variants with the use of a pretreatment granivite and a preparation Antistress for seeds treatment and its application into the phase of the third triangular leaf. The highest coefficient of energy efficiency 6.9 was obtained with the use of an anti-stress and antistress agent for seed treatment

Keywords: soy, costs of production, cost, profit, profitability, total energy expenditures, energy consumption, energy efficiency coefficient.