Grain Crops.-2022.-Vol. 6.- №1

UDC 633.15: 631.527.5 (292.486) (1-17) (477)          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0201

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 5–14.

Kupar Yu. Yu., Dziubetsky B. V., Cherchel V. Yu., Olkhovik M. S.. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Currently, we can use more effectively the initial material of the working collection due to targeting certain heterosis models. Information about the advantages of different heterotic models in certain cultivation areas makes it easier to search for successful combinations and the selection of promising initial material. Issues. Тo identify of the most promising heterotic models of maize hybrids developed with using lines of different genetic plasms, which characterized by high yields and low grain moisture content compared to standard hybrids adapted to cultivation in the Northern Steppe. Aim. To determine the economic value of maize hybrids developed with using different germplasm lines and the most promising heterotic models for each genoplasm group. To investigate how the plant growing conditions influence on economic valuable indicators of hybrids depending on their genetic origin. Materials and Methods. Visual Method was used for phenological observations; Field and Laboratory Method was used to determine of morphobiological characteristics of plants; Measuring Weight Method – to determine the plant yield and metric characteristics; Mathematical and Statistical Method – to determine the reliability of results, the trait variability indicators, correlation dependence of traits; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); comprehensive assessment of morphobiological and economically valuable characteristics of inbred lines and hybrids based on different genetic plasms. Results. It was found that testcrosses based on the Lancaster x Iodent model were the most stable by grain yield. However, in the average of three years of research, the highest average level (6.31 t/ha) was recorded in Mixed x Lancaster testcrosses. It was selected testcrosses with a higher grain yield compared to standard hybrids, such as DK3044×DK315, DK3151×DK4454, DK3151×DK3155 and DK365×DK6356 which had a yield of 8.0; 7.59; 7.18; 7.17 t/ha, respectively. We observed the best ratio of yield to grain moisture content (harvest index R_H/M) in hybrid combinations of Lancaster x Mixed. Conclusions. It was determined the best testcrosses according to the ratio of yield to grain moisture content: DK315C×DK3821 (Mixed×BSSS) – 0.51; DK633/325×DK365 (Mixed×Iodent) – 0.51; DK365× DK6356 (Iodent×Lancaster) – 0.51; DK3044×DK315 (Lancaster×Mixed) – 0.56; DK3151×DK3155 (BSSS×Mixed) – 0.55; DK633/325×DK3155 (Lancaster×Mixed), based on which are developing the mid-ripening maize hybrids adapted to Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Key words: maize, hybrid, line, germplasm, heterotic model, testcross, grain yield and moisture content at harvesting.

UDC: 633.11: 631.547             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0202

 Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 15–23.

R. S. Vyskub, H. A. Chuhrii, O. B. Bondareva

Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS, 1 Zakhysnykiv Ukrainy St., Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, 85307, Ukraine

Topicality. One of the conditions to increase stably the soft winter wheat yield is plant breeding with high plasticity and resistance to adverse environmental factors, pests and diseases. Issues. Development of new high-yielding varieties with higher resistance to adverse weather conditions is important to increase crop productivity. Aim. To create the initial material and high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat in conditions of insufficient soil moisture in the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The research was conducted according to B. Dospekhov's method of field experience. The research was conducted in the 2017–2020 on the SE Research Farm Zaboishchyk of Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station NAAS at the Rozlyv village, Volnovakha district, Donetsk region. The field trials were conducted in the selective crop rotation of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station. The predecessors were black fallow and corn for grain. Research methods: hybridological, field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods. Results. According to the research results, it was found that the 77 numbers selected from hybrid combinations were left in the control nursery for further study. Among them were three numbers hk 363, hk 353, hk 403 which largest exceeded the standard by 14.1–19.7%. There are 42 numbers studied in a small competitive variety trial. It was determined that 15 hybrid combinations were the best than the standard (Donetska 48 variety) by 0.03–1.57 t/ha. In the competitive variety trial, 21 winter wheat cultivars after black fallow, and 25 cultivars after maize for silage were studied. According to yield, the best hybrid combinations after fallow were hk 4, hk 863/2, hk 716/1, which exceeded the standard Donetsk 48 by 0.41–0.51 t/ha, and after maize for silage, the best hybrid combinations were hk 321, hk 363, hk 318, in which the increase to the standard yield was 0.39-0.47 t/ha. According to the grain yield, the best varieties in the ecological variety trial were Bohynia, Popeliushka, Dyvo donetske, Oberih Myronivskyi, Yuzovska, Ihrysta, Peremoha, Patriotka, which exceeded the Donetsk 48 standard variety by 0.35-0.68 t/ha. Conclusions. It was determined that the development of new high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat will increase productivity due to their adaptability for growing conditions in the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine. According to the analysis of the research results, the steppe ecotype varieties demonstrate a significant advantage on all the studied indicators; they better realize their genetic potential in specific soil and climatic conditions.

Key words: breeding, winter wheat, hybridization, variety, yield.

UDK 633.15:631.52                            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0203

D. S. Kuprichenkov 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 24–30.

SE Institute Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St.,

Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The of the growing season is the main breeding trait, which determines the practical use of the initial material of popcorn in a particular agroclimatic zone. Thus, so the differentiation of samples on this trait is important and relevant. Issues. Most methods for determining FAO index of popcorn lines and hybrids (Zea Mays L.) are based on the standard with a certain maturity group, while for maize (Zea Mays L. everta Sturt.) such standards are not available. Purpose. To determine the FAO index of new popcorn lines on three indicators: the number of leaves per a plant, the effective temperature sum during the growing season, and the growing season duration. Materials and Methods. The initial material was 46 popcorn lines in S₅, which were developed in the Food Maize Breeding Laboratory at the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. The field trials were carried out at the Synelnykove Breeding and Research Station during 2020–2021. The FAO index of popcorn lines was determined according to Adryushchenko and Kryvytsky’s method. Results. We have determined the growing season duration of new popcorn lines according to the FAO classification by three indicators: the number of leaves per a plant, the effective temperatures sum during the growing season and the number of days until full ripening. Conclusions. It was noted that the indicator values that determine the maturity group of S5 popcorn lines can vary with growing conditions. Therefore, when only one indicator is used, we cannot obtain the accurate results. It is possible to reliably identify the maturity groups of initial material by the means of the proposed method of FAO determination on three indicators. Based on the results of the research, the new popcorn lines were divided into 3 groups. It was found that the mid-early ripening group (FAO 240-250) includes 4 lines in S5 - IKR 2-1, IKR 11-9, RV 3 and RV 1; to the mid-ripening group (FAO 320-390) – 32 lines in S5, including RR1, RR11, RS 13, RB 3, RK 43, RK 32, IKR 11-3, etc.; to the mid-late ripening group (FAO 400 - 410) - 10 lines in S5, including RV 18, RV 11, RP 61, RS 3, RV 6, etc.. It is proposed to select the lines of mid-early and mid-ripening groups for developing the new popcorn hybrids with full-value food popcorn grain. The formed working collection includes 80.4 % of samples of these maturity groups.          

Key words: breeding, popcorn, line, FAO maturity index, growing season, effective temperature sum.

UDC: 663.17:631.559:621.039.542.3          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0204

M. H. Nosov, O. V. Yalanskyi

Grain Crops 2022. 6. 1. 31–35.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. In Ukraine, up to 5 million hectares of land were removed from agricultural crop rotation.  These lands can be successfully used for bioenergy due to soil recultivation. They are represented by both ordinary soils contaminated with heavy metals and completely degraded alumina with high salinity. Issues. The land improvement aims to obtain biomass for the bioenergy industry, also to restore fertility, improve the ecological condition of the man-made region, and create new jobs. With proper use, considering all the above aspects, soils can gradually return to agricultural crop rotation. Aim. To study and select an initial material for the development of high-yield hybrids of sugar sorghum and broom millet for solid fuel production. Materials. Variety testing trials on sugar sorghum was  carried out at the Synelnykove Breeding and Research Station, where 59 samples were examined,  their yield was 23–79 t/ha. Results. We identified the promising hybrid combinations with the highest yield of green mass: F₁ (Nyzkorosle 93s x Karlykove 45) – 79.7 t/ha, and F₁ (Dn71s x Karlykove 45) – 73.6 t/ha. The yield of samples F₁ (Rannie 776s x Karlykove 45) and F₁ (Yefremivske bile 2s x Karlykove 45) was slightly less, and amounted to 67.4 and 67.0 t/ha, respectively. According to the grain yield, the best samples were F₁ (Nyzkorosle 93s x Karlykove 45) –12.7 t/ha and F₁ (A158 x Karlykove 45) – 9.0 t/ha. According to the yield of dry matter of green mass, it was stood out F₁ (Yefremivske bile 2c x Karlykove 45) – 34.8 t/ha and F₁ (Nyzkorosle 93c x Karlykove 45) – 33.5 t/ha. The highest sugar content was found in F₁ (Nyzkorosle 93c x Krasen) – 17.3 %, F₁ (Rannie 776s x Krasen) – 16.5 %, and F₁ (Yefremivske bile 2c x Karlykove 45) – 16.4 %. The excess over the standard was 18 %.

Conclusions. Therefore, high-yielding hybrids of sugar sorghum are the most economical and energetically expedient source of raw materials for the bioenergy industry. It was selected the bioenergy hybrid of F₁ (Nizkorosle 93c x Karlykove 45), which favorably differs from the standard in productivity and manufacturability. Also, Karlykove 45 variety was selected as a pollinator for the development of hybrids for solid biofuel.

Key words: sugar sorghum, bioenergy, solid fuel, fertile lines, yield, green mass.

UDC 633.11.1:631.527:631.524.85:631.523:664.6/7:57.085.2             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0205

M. A. Lytvynenko, Ye. A. Holub, Ya. S. Fanin

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 36–47.

Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation,

3 Ovidiopolska Road St., Odessa, 65036, Ukraine

Topicality. The level of genetic yield potential and adaptive properties of modern bread winter wheat varieties at this stage of breeding development is at a fairly high level. So breeding, improvement of bread winter wheat is becoming increasingly difficult. For this purpose, the creation and identification of new genetic sources of valuable traits and creation of genetic diversity, evaluation and selection of desired genotypes is extremely relevant. Issues. Introduction of alien translocations into the gene pool of bread winter wheat can serve as one of such sources of new original genetic material. However, the effects of these translocations are manifested to varying degrees depending on the genetic environment of hybrids and agroclimatic conditions of genotype selection. Aim. To compare the changes in the yield of recombinant lines and plant productivity elements based on their drought and heat tolerance depending on their genetic effects of wheat-rye translocations (WRT) 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS. To determine the use effectiveness of each WRT in order to create more perfect varieties of bread winter wheat under the conditions of soil-air drought in the Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Materials and Methods. In 2010-2020, field trials were carried out on the Institute’s fields on the by black fallow as the annual predecessor with the optimal agricultural background for breeding work. During the analysis of experimental data, all changes in meteorological conditions over the years of research were taken into account. In general, weather conditions were arid, which is typical for the Steppe zone. The studies of 112 lines (9.2 %) were carried out in the Department of Genetic Basis of Breeding of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation led by A. I. Rybalka, the rest 1093 lines (90.8 %) were studied in the Institute of Plant Protection NAAS led by N. A. Kozub and I. O. Sozinov. The material of competitive variety trials was tested on the presence of translocations and their state by DNA markers in the Department of General and Molecular Genetics of the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation led by V. I. Fait. Mathematical processing and analysis of the study results were performed using the methods of B. A. Dospekhov and P. F. Rokitskyi, and with Microsoft Excel 2007. Results. It was established that genetic effects of the most widespread in the world breeding practice wheat-rye translocations 1АL.1RS and 1ВL.1RS are considerably modified by features of their interaction in genetic environment and depending on agroclimatic conditions of growing introgressive genotypes. The positive effect of 1AL.1RS on the yield, total and productive tillering, and head productivity elements was significantly revealed due to simultaneous positive effect of translocation on drought and heat tolerance of plants. As a result of complete breeding cycle, a series of bread winter wheat varieties was developed on the material of 1AL.1RS, such as Zhytnytsia Odeska, Oktava Odeska, Liha Odeska, Duma Odeska, Versiia Odeska, which provided 10–15 % increase in yield to standards according  to the station and state variety testing. These varieties are listed in the State Register of Ukraine and Moldova.

Conclusions. The use of WRT 1AL.1RS is perspective for further bread winter wheat breeding, and in the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation as one of the next stages of improvement of bread winter wheat varieties for arid conditions of the South of Ukraine. The use of 1ВL.1RS in wheat breeding in the region is less promising method, but does not exclude the possibility of obtaining a positive result in a favorable combination with highly adapted local varieties.

Keywords: bread winter wheat, recombinant lines, yield, wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS.

UDC 631.527.633.14                               https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0206

Mazur Z. O. 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 48–56.

Verkhniachka Research and Breeding Station at the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAN, 1 Shkilna Str., Verkhniachka Uts., Khrystynivka district, Cherkasy region, 20022, Ukraine

Topicality. Adaptive properties and the plant resistance to adverse environmental factors greatly influence obtaining a high and stable yield, especially in adverse and extreme weather conditions. Issues. The introduction of modern Ukrainian varieties of winter rye with high adaptive properties makes it possible to solve the problem of stabilization of grain yield and production.Aim. To determine the adaptive potential of the best cytoplasmic male sterile hybrids in the environmental variety testing system. Material and methods. The initial material for research was varieties, hybrids and lines of winter rye with recessive control of stem length, donors of self-fertility and cytoplasmic male sterility from the collection of the Verkhniachka Research and Breeding Station at the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS Ukraine. We have performed the research according to generally accepted methods. The response degree of genotypes to the variability of environmental conditions and the breeding value of hybrids were characterized by the coefficient of ecological plasticity b₁. Results.The influence of climatic conditions on the winter rye yield was studied and the assessment of ecological plasticity and stability of hybrids was given. Based on the results of research, it is possible to recommend for cultivation of winter rye hybrids which give a stable yield regardless of weather conditions and with regression coefficient of not less than 1.0 and a minimum mean deviation from the regression line. Conclusions. During 2015–2019, approbation of hybrids was carried out in 8 regional State centers for plant variety examination of Ukraine. According to the results of the State Scientific and Technical Examination, Wals hybrid was included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Spreading in Ukraine since 2020 and was recommended for cultivation in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Key words: winter rye, hybrid, growing environment, ecological plasticity, yield.

UDC633.15:631.526.024/.563.1           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0207

Grain Crops. 2022. 6. (1). 57–63.

M. Ya. Kirpa, N. S. Filipkova

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi, Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The seed stock creation and storage is a prerequisite in seed production of maize hybrids in order to provide sowing material in case of various adverse conditions (crop failure, natural disaster, etc.). Depending on the usage and the storage term, there are the insurance, reserve and breeding seed stocks. During storage, the seed germination may reduce; therefore, seed stock should be refreshed with seeds prepared for long-term storage. Issues. In order to prepare seeds for long-term storage, post-harvest processing aimed at forming longevity of hybrid corn seeds should be carried out. Thus, scientific and practical problem is the definition and optimization of technical and technological processes of the preparation of seeds for storage. Aim. To study the features of the formation of maize hybrid seed longevity, to establish methods and factors of post-harvest processing that ensure long-term storage and high seed quality. Materials and methods. In the experiments, we used maize hybrid seeds developed at the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. The moisture levels of the harvested seeds were different, and the seeds were processed for further long-term storage. When harvesting moisture is high, post-harvest processing includes different methods of drying, separation by fractional sieve and gravity methods, chemical treatment (seed dressing). Seeds were stored at different moisture content (7–8, 9–11, 12–14 %), in the different packages (paper, fabric, polyethylene), in the dressing and undressing state for 3–4 years. During storage, we have determined the laboratory germination by various methods, field germination, and the unity of sprout emergence. Results. We have established that the formation of longevity and seed quality of maize hybrids depend on features of harvesting and postharvest processing, such as harvest moisture, methods and temperature regimes of drying, sieve and gravity separation with the selection of various seed fractions, terms of chemical seed dressing. It was found that the laboratory seed germination indicator determined by cold test characterizes the economic suitability of maize hybrids for long-term storage. Conclusions. It was established that to obtain the high-quality seeds capable of long-term storage the following is recommended: to dry the cobs at humidity to temperature ratio of 31–36 % to 36–40 °C or 19–30 % to 40–44 °C; to grade seeds by sieving and gravity separator that to obtain two seed fractions, namely conditionally large and medium; to store undressed seed and carry out the dressing stocks immediately before sowing. Under long-term storage of untreated seeds, it is proposed to protect the seed against harmful objects with a combination of abiotic factors as low seed moisture content, cooling, limiting the oxygen access. When the maize hybrid seed with a moisture content of 9–11 % is hermetically packaged, it is guaranteed the storage period of the seed up to 3–5 years, so this method is most practical and cost-effective. It is recommended to determine the suitability of seeds for long-term storage by the germination indicators determined by the cold test.

Keywords: maize seeds, germination, factors and processes of postharvest processing, long-term storage.

DC 633.15:631.527.5.562:338.432

D. V. Kovalov, E. M Fedorenko 

Grain Crops 2022. 6. 1. 64–68.

SE Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. During harvest and post-harvest processing, maize seeds are a mixture that consists of seeds of different quality, size, and weight. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the seeds, i.e. divide the mixture into separate homogeneous fractions. The number of fractions varies depending on the evenness of the mixture and separation methods. Aim. To establish the pattern of fractional separation of maize hybrid seeds, develop methods for their cleaning and sorting in post-harvest processing technologies, and calculate the economic efficiency of a new two-stage separation method. Materials and methods. In the experiments, we used maize hybrids developed by the Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS, which were separated on sieves with round and oblong holes. The two-stage separation method was as follows: the first stage, the sieve of grain separator in the throughs and tailing mode separates the mixture into two groups of seed (the sieve holes with a diameter of 8–9 mm or oblong holes with a width of 5.5–6 mm and a length of 20 mm); the second stage, a grain separator (one or two) sorts each group into a given number of seed fractions (the sieve holes with a diameter of 5–8 mm or oblong holes with a width of 3.75–4.50 mm). Results.Our research has determined the features of separation of the studied hybrid seeds according to various traits and methods.Firstly, the field germination of the seed fractions selected on the trait of seed width was higher compared to seeds selected on the trait of seed thickness. Secondly, separation on the trait of seed thickness is effective only for increasing seed uniformity.The newtwo-stage separation method was tested in the Research Farm LLC Agrofirma ART Zolotoi Kolos (Dnipropetrovsk region) during separation of maize hybrid seeds harvested in 2018–2020. As a result of fractional separation by a new method, it was obtained the standard seeds of maize hybrids with a germination rate of 95–96%, a growth rate of 85–90% without any seed injury.

Conclusions. In the technologies of post-harvest processing and pre-sowing preparation, it is recommended to use a two-stage separation method when the seeds are divided into two sowing groups with further separation into the required number of fractions. Separation is carried out on flat sieves with a size of holes depending on the shape of the seeds. The productivity of grain separators increased by 20%, and the specific energy consumption decreased by 8% due to the two-stage separation. The overall economic effect was in the form of energy savings of UAH 1.8 per ton of seeds. In addition, the net profit from sowing with high-quality seeds was 6,233 UAH per 1 ha.

Keywords: maize, hybrids, separation, field germination, economic efficiency.

UDC 633.854.78 : 631. 81            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0209  

 А. I. Tsyliuryk, M. Yu. Rumbakh, A. A. Izhboldin, O. V. Bondarenko, N. L. Nozdrina, Ya. V. Ostapchuk

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 69–81.

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhei Yefremov St.,Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. In addition to mineral and organic fertilizers, microfertilizers and plant growth regulators should be used more widely to eliminate negative factors (excessive man-made load, deterioration of water, nutrient regimes and soil humus condition) and to improve the sunflower nutrition system. Issues. Growth regulators intensify the development of the leaf surface, activate the basic life functions of sunflower plants: membrane processes, cell division, respiration and nutrition, enzyme systems activity, photosynthesis, and create a branched root system with enhanced absorption capacity. Purpose. To study the influence of growth regulators with different action on the morphogenesis, sunflower growth and development and productivity of different maturity groups in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The field trials were established and carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods of research.. The experimental part of the work was performed during 2018–2020 in the research field of the National Research Center at the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University in the stationary experiment of the Crop Production Department in five-field crop rotation: clean fallow – winter wheat – maize – barley – sunflower. Spraying sunflower plants with growth regulators Vympel K-2 (0.7 l/ha), Architect (0.5 l/ha) and Ceron (0.5 l/ha) was carried out in the 6–8^th pair of leaves stage. Results. When the growth regulators were applied, plant height of sunflower reduced, but such indicators as leaf surface area, chlorophyll content in the leaves, head diameter and number of seeds per head, thousand seed weight, seed yield and quality increased. y.

Conclusions. The maximum leaf surface area of sunflower (up to 70.9–78.1 thousand mІ/ha, or 5.5 –10.2 % more than the control) was observed when growth regulator Ceron was applied at the dose of 0.5 l/ha. In this case, sunflower plants formed the largest heads with diameter of 23–26 cm (11.5–30.4 % more than the control), and the maximum number of seeds per head was 863–925.3 pieces that exceeded the control by 3, 4–5.6 %. The highest thousand seed weight (54.0–60.0 g) was for the mid-early hybrid Sumico HTS, and the lowest (51–55 g) – for the mid-late Subaro HTS that is explained by the biological characteristics of the hybrids. The crop yield increased by 1.05–1.17 times due to the application on sunflower of plant growth regulators. The largest increase in grain yield for all hybrids (0.22–0.27 t/ha, or 13.5–14.8 %) was provided with Ceron (0.5 l/ha). The application of Ceron (0.5 l/ha) and Architect (0.5 l / ha) growth regulators increased oil content by 3–8 and 4–6 percentage points, respectively.

Keywords: sunflower, hybrids, growth regulators, leaf surface area, chlorophyll, yield, seed quality.

UDC 633.11«324»:631.559              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0210

Grain Crops, 2022. 6 (1).82–90.

Hasanova I. I. ¹, Nozdrina N. L. ², Yerashova M. V. ¹, Pedash O. O. ¹

¹State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

²Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhyi Yefremov St., Dnipro, 49000, Ukraine

Probability. The key task of the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy is to ensure a stable winter wheat yield in the face of climate change and the introduction of new intensive varieties. It should be noted that most of the mechanisms of formation of increased productivity of winter wheat are not yet fully understood and require additional research. Issues. Productivity of winter wheat depends largely on the variety and influence of environmental factors, and is closely related to all processes of plant growth and development. Scientific substantiation of optimal development of its main structural elements is necessary to further increase the yield. Purpose. To identify the influence of weather conditions and varietal characteristics on the formation of yield structure elements of soft winter wheat in the Northern Steppe. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on black fallow (on the background N_0-30P₆₀K₃₀) and after spring barley (on the background N₆₀P₆₀K₃₀) in the fields of the Research Farm "Dnipro" SE Institute of Grain Crops NAAS in accordance with generally accepted recommendations. Results. The productive plant density of winter wheat is one of the main elements of the yield structure, and the most critical conditions for the formation of plant density were in the 2011/12 growing year. The number of productive stems after spring barley depending on the variety was 166–215 pcs/m², and on black fallow – 249–416 pcs/m². The level of biological yield depending on the predecessor varied between 194–264 and 369–478 g/m². In the years of research, the maximum yield was formed on black fallow: in 2012–2014 for Lytanivka and Zamozhnist varieties (664 and 658 g/m²), and in 2016-2018 - in Pylypivka variety (766 g/m²). Conclusions. Hydrothermal factors during the growing season have a significant effect on the condition of winter crops. Arid conditions in autumn and spring-summer significantly reduce the productive plant density, and, consequently, biological yield, especially after non-fallow predecessors. It was determined that some varietal pattern are in the formation of next structural yield elements, such as ear length, number of productive spikelets and grains per ear, thousand grain weight.

Keywords: winter wheat, variety,predecessor, productive plant density, ear grain weight, thousand grain weight, biological yield.

UDC 633.1:631.8                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0211

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 91–99.

M. M. Solodushko 

SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Тopicality. The growing needs of modern agricultural production require the search for new approaches and methods to increase crop productivity. Therefore, research and application of plant growth biostimulants in the form of liquid organomineral fertilizers are extremely relevant issues, although not yet adequately studied. Issues. Lack of detailed study of biostimulants, the application of which has an extremely low cost and relatively significant effect, causes the insufficient implementation of plant growth stimulants in the production process. Aim. To determine the level of winter wheat yield depending on the application of organomineral fertilizers HFAC-1 and HFAC-3 (Humic and Fulvic Acid Concentrate). Materials and methods. The research of organomineral fertilizers HFAC-1 and HFAC-3 was carried out in winter wheat fields of Slavna variety, sowing was performed in the optimal dates after sunflower and peas as predecessors. The soil of the experimental site is the full-profile low humus medium depth ordinary chernozem. The area of ​​the accounting plot is 50 m², the experiment is replicated 3 times. Results and conclusions. It was found that the highest average yield under the winter wheat cultivation after sunflower (4.06 t/ha) were obtained when crop was sprayed with HFAC-3 in combination with Abacus fungicide in the heading stage of plants, as well as when HFAC-3 was applied as foliar fertilizer in the end of the spring tillering stage, and later, plants were sprayed with HFAC-3 when the flag leaf was visible. These applications resulted in an increase in grain yield compared to the control by 0.33 t/ha. The liquid organomineral fertilizers positively influenced winter wheat was grown after peas, and also when seeds were dressed with these fertilizers.

Key words: winter wheat, organomineral fertilizers, plant growth stimulants, predecessor, yield.

UDC: 633.15; 631.82; 631.816        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0212 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 100–107.

M. B. Grabovskyi, K. V. Pavlichenko, L. A. Kozak, L. M. Kachan

Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, 8/1 Soborna Sq., Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region, 09117, Ukraine

Topicality. Nowadays, the main purposeof agro-industrial complex and renewable energy is to increase the productivity of corn for grain and silage. For biogas production the proper selection of maize hybrids and energy assessment of their cultivation technology is needed. Issues. Optimization of technological methods and increasing the yield per area unit is one of the ways to improve the energy efficiency of crop production, including for the purposes of bioenergy. Energy analysis assists to compare energy consumption for growing crop and energy content in the obtained yield. Aim. To determine the influence of macro- and microfertilizers on the energy efficiency of growing maize hybrids for biogas production. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in 2019–2021 in the “Poultry Farm Korobivsky" Andrushivka district of Zhytomyr region. In a three-factor experiment, it was studied maize hybrids: Amaroc, Bogatyr, KWS 381, Karifols; macrofertilizers, kg/ha: without fertilizers, N₉₀Р₆₀К₆₀, N₁₂₀Р₉₀К₉₀; microfertilizers: without application, YaraVita Teprosyn NP + Zn seed treatment (5 l/t) and spraying maize in the 3–5 leaves stage with YaraVita Maize Boost (4 l/ha), seed treatment (0.15 kg/t) with YaraTera Tenso Cocktail and spraying maize in the 3–5 leaves with Yara Vita Kombiphos (3 l/ha). Results. It was found that the biogas output for the mid-early maize hybrids Amaroc and Bogatyr was 9062.0–13716.3 m³/ha, and for the mid-ripening KWS 381 and Karifols was higher by 9.8–36.5 % (11635.3–15589.5 m³/ha). Biogas output was higher by 15.2–30.9 % and 1.8–3.6 % due to using macrofertilizers and microfertilizers compared to the variants without their application. There was no significant difference in biogas output between the second and third variants with microfertilizers. It was identified that energy efficiency ratio (Ke) increased for studied maize hybrids when N₉₀Р₆₀К₆₀ and N₁₂₀Р₉₀К₉₀ were applied. Conclusions. The highest biogas and energy output was 15589,5 m³/ha and 333,6 GJ/ha was obtained for the mid-ripening  hybrid Karifols when pre-sowing seed treatment with YaraTera Tenso Cocktail (0.15 kg/t) and spraying maize in the 3–5 leaves stage with YaraVita Kombiphos (3 l/ha) were carried out on the background of N₁₂₀Р₉₀К₉₀. In our opinion, for biogas production, the cultivation of Amaros, Bogatyr, KVS 381 and Carifols hybrids is more efficient when used pre-sowing seed treatment with YaraTera Tenso Cocktail (0.15 kg/t) and spraying maize with YaraVita Kombiphos (3 l/ha) in the 3–5 leaves stage without macrofertilizer application that provides the highest energy factor in the range of 7.7–9.3.

Key words: biogas output, pre-sowing seed treatment, energy output, energy consumption, energy efficiency ratio.

UDC 633.34: 381.8           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0213

Grain Crops 2022. 6 (1). 108–115.

О. S. Vlasyuk, L. S. Kvasnitska 

Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture Podillia  of NAAS, 1 Samchyky St., Samchyky village, Khmelnytskyi district, Khmelnytskyi region, 31182, Ukraine

Topicality. In the world, the biologicalization of agriculture is determined not only by environmental and social, but also economic problems. Therefore, it is urgent to find and implement effective energy-saving and environmentally safe elements of crop cultivation technologies, in particular, the application of physiologically active preparations, such as plant growth stimulators and microelements. Issues. The effectiveness of stimulants, macro- and microelements depends on doses, forms, application terms and methods, environmental factors. Bioactive preparations require study, economic and ecological justification, adapt to the soil and climatic conditions of a specific ecological and geographical zone. Aim. To determine the optimal variants of mineral fertilizers application in combination with foliar dressing as well as treatment of seeds and plants of soybean varieties with bioactive preparations for 15–20 % productivity increase and biologicalization of crop cultivation. Methods. The field method was used to investigate the interaction of the studied factors on the plant growth and development and productivity of soybean; quantitative-weight method – to determine the yield structure; laboratory method – to determine the soil moisture content, mathematical and statistical method - to analyse and establish the reliability of the obtained results. Results. The research results showed that the indicators of productivity, energy assessment and moisture consumption for yield formation depend on influence of macro- and microfertilizers, treatment of soybean seeds and plants with Vympel stimulant and Oracle microfertilizer on different nutrition backgrounds. It was determined that the studied methods of seed treatment and foliar dressing ensured an increase in the soybean seed yield of Diadema Podillia variety by 0.09–0.67 t/ha, and of Samorodok variety by 0.12–0.65 t/ha depending on the level of mineral nutrition. At the same time, application of N₁₀P₂₆K₂₆ resulted in an increase in soybean seed yield of Diadema Podillia variety compared to the control (without fertilizer) by 0.45–0.88 t/ha, the Samorodok variety – 0.36–0.46 t/ha; and when applying N₂₀P₅₂K₅₂, the increase was 0.78–0.85 and 0.64–0.71 t/ha, respectively., 0.78–0.85 and 0.64–0.71 t/ha. Among all the studied variants, the highest seed yield of Diadema Podillya variety (2.93 t/ha) and Samorodok variety (2.80 t/ha) was obtained when pre-sowing seed treatment with Vympel-K, Oracul seeds, Oracul colofermin molybdenum was combined with treatment of plants in 2–3 true leaves stage with Vympel, and in the beginning of budding stage with Vympel, Oracul multicomplex, Oracul colofermin molybdenum, Oracul colofermin boron on the background of N₂₀P₅₂K₅₂. The increase to absolute control (0.79 and 0.85 t/ha or 30.8 and 43.6 %, respectively) was obtained with the lowest moisture consumption for yield formation. In the same variant, but on the background of N₁₀P₂₆K₂₆, the most energy efficiency ratio was 2.10 standard units (Samorodok variety) and up to 2.27 standard units (Diadema Podillia variety). The moisture consumption required to form 1 ton of soybean seeds was decreased for Samorodok variety by 27–36 %, and Diadema Podillya variety by 22–31 % compared to the control due to application of mineral fertilizers. The lowest moisture consumption was observed when the mineral fertilizers in the rate of N₂₀P₅₂K₅₂, seed treatment and two foliar dressing was applied in the complex, and equalled 2452 m³ (Samorodok variety) and 2443 m³ (Diadema Podillia variety), which is less than control by 52 and 46 % respectively. Conclusions. The Vympel stimulators and Oracul microfertilizers increase the productivity of soybeans, reduce moisture consumption per unit of crop and increase the energy efficiency ratio.

Key words: soybean, yield, bioactive preparations, mineral fertilizers, microelements, energy efficiency, water consumption.

UDC 631.62:633.14.11                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0214

О. I. Savchuk, A. O. Melnichuk, O. V. Drebot

Grain Crops 2022. 6. 1. 116–123.

^1,2 Institute of Agriculture of Polissia NAAS, 131 Kyivske Hwy, Zhytomyr, 10007, Ukraine

 ³ Polissia National University, 7 Staryi Blv., Zhytomyr, 10008, Ukraine

            Topicality. Currently, the search for ways to improve the efficiency of triticale production on drained soils under conditions of climate change is a necessary and urgent task, since there is no scientific research to improve the technology of growing this agricultural crop under such conditions.  Issues. In the Polissia of Ukraine, triticale can solve the problem of increasing grain production, considering the high adaptive properties to growing conditions and the genetic potential of yield and product quality. Aim. To study the formation peculiarities of winter triticale grain yield and quality at different levels of organomineral fertilization, and determine the most economically justified fertilizer system on drained sod-podzolic soil in conditions of moisture deficit. Methods. Stationary experiment was established; the grain quality was determined with laboratory research method, and experimental data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel computer program.  Results. Research conducted in 2016–2020 found that during the triticale grain formation and filling, the productive moisture reserves of  drained sod-podzolic soil in the 0–100 cm layer decreased to a critical level of 60–80 mm (130–200 mm was accounted for by the period of growth resumption). Under conditions of low soil moisture, when using biological fertilizer system (pea-oat mix by-product), grain yield was 2.62 t/ha, and the increase compared to the absolute control was to 14.9 %. On the background of predecessor by-products, when mineral fertilizers were applied in the recommended rate for the zone (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀), grain yield increased to 3.65 t/ha. The high yield of triticale grain (4.14 t/ha) was established when using increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizer N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ with separate nitrogen application in three stages (N₃₀ – at sowing, N₃₀ – stem elongation, N₃₀ – grain formation) combined with by-products. It was noted that indicators of winter triticale grain quality depended on the fertilizer system. Thousand grain weight was 46.5–50.2 g, the maximum values were in the high agronomic background. Grain volume weight was within 674–682 g/l, the difference between the variants was insignificant. Grain protein content on fertilized backgrounds was 11.8–12.7 %, when the rate was increased to N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ – 13.1 %, which is 1.2 % more than on the control variant. Conclusions. It was determined that the highest level of profitability of winter triticale cultivation was 144 % when by-products were used in the biological fertilization system. The N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ fertilizer system combined with by-products produced the highest grain yield (4.14 t/ha) and protein content (13.1 %), but profitability of triticale cultivation decreased to 77 %. Studies have shown that mineral fertilizers increase the yield and improve the grain quality while reducing the profitability of growing the crop.

Keywords: triticale, fertilizer system, improved land, moisture supply, productivity, grain quality, cost-effectiveness.

UDC 631.164.22/ 631.95. 631/635           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0215       

О. P. Tkachuk

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 124–132.

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Soniachna St., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine

Topicality. The economic crisis requires modern winter wheat cultivation technologies based on the principles of financial feasibility, energy saving and environmental safety. Issues. Changes in animal husbandry have led to the differentiation of fodder crops, which are used as predecessors of winter wheat. Now, other types of perennial legume grasses are grown along with its traditional predecessor meadow clover. However, it is necessary to carry out research and calculations due to the lack of results of the ecological, economic and bioenergy feasibility of non-traditional perennial legume grasses as predecessors of winter wheat. Aim. To investigate the indicators of ecological, economic and bioenergy efficiency of winter wheat cultivation after six species of perennial legume grasses as predecessors, such as meadow clover, alfalfa, sand esparcet, white sweet clover, bird's-foot-trefoil, eastern galega, and also after the maize for silage (control). Methods. Field studies with subsequent calculation of economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation based on technological charts and costs, as well as the energy efficiency of the technologies under study according to the methods of O.K. Medvedovskyi, P.I. Ivanenko and VASKHNIL were conducted. Results. The highest grain yield was 6.52 t/ha when winter wheat was cultivated after maize for silage with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. When winter wheat was cultivated after perennial legume grasses, the rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides were significantly lower. Accordingly, the grain yield of winter wheat grown after perennial legume grasses was by 11.1–38.2 % lower than after silage maize, and it was 4.03–5.80 t/ha. The highest grain yield was observed after meadow clover, and the lowest – after bird's-foot-trefoil. The highest level of profitability (90.7 %) is provided by the cultivation of winter wheat after the predecessor meadow clover. When winter wheat was grown after such predecessors as meadow clover, white sweet clover, sand esparcet and eastern galega with limited rates of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the level of profitability was 5.7–46.8 % higher than indicator for winter wheat after silage maize with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides At the same time, winter wheat profitability after bird's-foot-trefoil and alfalfa equaled to the indicator for silage maize. Conclusions. The technology of winter wheat cultivation after meadow clover, which provided the highest energy coefficient 4.96, is the most profitable and the least energy-intensive.

Key words: economic assessment, bioenergy assessment, cultivation technology, winter wheat, predecessors.

UDC 633.14.«324»:631.811.1/(477) (251.1) (1-17)      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0216

 Grain Crops, 2022. 6 (1).133–139.

Yu. V. Bezsusidnia

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Determination the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and mineral nutrition on the grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties is relevant, since it allows to more fully reveal the biological potential of plants and significantly increase the winter rye yield in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Issues. Winter rye is an important and valuable crop. However, in recent years, due to significant climatic changes in the Steppe zone, research on the optimization of technological methods of its cultivation was practically not conducted. Thus, the current problem in crop production is to determine the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and fertilizers on the productivity formation of modern winter rye varieties in order to more fully use the biological potential of plants. This task has both practical and theoretical significance. Purpose. To study the peculiarities of the  grain productivity formation of different winter rye varieties depending on the predecessors, sowing dates and the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. Materials and methods. During 2019–2021, we conducted the research on the basis of the Research Farm "Dnipro" of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. The research was conducted in a four-factor field trial. Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties of winter rye  were sown at different sowing dates: early (September 5–10), optimal (September 20–25) and late (October 5–10).  The predecessors were spring barley and sunflower, level of mineral nutrition was different. Results. In the years of our studies, weather conditions were characterized by high variability compared to long-term average data. The distribution of precipitation by months and periods of the year was rather uneven. Winter rye yield formation occurs as a result of complex interaction of productivity elements. The research clearly traced the variability in the formation of the number of productive stems per unit area and grain weight per head in plants of different winter rye varieties under the influence of weather conditions, predecessors, sowing dates and level of mineral nutrition. Thus, the maximum number of productive stems of  winter rye (520 pcs/m²) was obtained in the variant after spring barley with nitrogen fertilization when  Stoir variety was sown on September 20–25.  When this variety was sown on September 5–10, the number of productive stems decreased by 2.7 %, and by 11.9 % for sowing on October 5–10. A similar trend was also observed in areas where winter rye was grown after sunflower. According to the research results, it was established that plant dressing with nitrogen (N₄₅) in early spring on freeze-thawed soil increased the winter rye grain yield after spring barley by 0.11–1.05 t/ha, after sunflower – by 1.15–1.43 t/ha compared to plots where fertilizers were not applied. Conclusions. It was found that the maximum number of productive stems per area unit (520 pcs/m2) was formed by winter rye plants of the Stoir variety at sowing on September  20–25 after spring barley with application of nitrogen fertilizers. Plants of the Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties formed the largest grain weight per head 1.25 and 1.23 g, respectively. Among the winter rye varieties, Stoir variety had the maximum grain productivity when sowing was carried out on September 20–25. On average over the years of research, the highest yield was obtained in the variants with nitrogen fertilization on freeze-thawed soil after spring barley – 6.47 t/ha, after sunflower – 5.03 t/ha. In these vari-ants of the field trial, Pamiat Khudoierka variety also provided the highest level of productivity  – 6.17 and 4.72 t/ha, respectively.

Keywords: winterrye, varieties, fertilizers,crop dressing, yield.

UDC 633.11«324»:631.5        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0217

Grain Crops, 2022. 6 (1). 140–147.

Ya. V. Astakhova

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Researches aimed to determine the optimal conditions for the formation of highly productive crops with the introduction into production of new intensive winter wheat varieties with various biological characteristics and due to significant climatic changes are becoming increasingly important. Issues. The plant growth and development in natural conditions depends on a complex of external factors. A favorable combination of these factors enhances growth processes, while a lack or excess of them weakens the development of plants. At the same time, the root system and aboveground vegetative mass development of winter cereals is significantly influenced by predecessors and sowing dates. In addition, each of the varieties responds differently to these factors. Purpose. To study of the characteristics of plant growth and development of different varieties of soft and durum winter wheat depending on sowing dates and predecessor in the conditions of the northern Steppe of  Ukraine. Materials and methods. During 2016–2018, Lastivka Odeska and Holubka Odeska varieties of soft winter wheat and Burshtyn variety of durum winter wheat were sown. Field researches were conducted according to generally accepted methods. Results. It was found that when winter wheat was sown on September 7,  plants were higher, the number of shoots, nodal roots, leaves and above-ground vegetative mass was significantly greater. In the conditions of 2017, at the growth cessation in the autumn, no tillering plants of the late sowing (October 7) occurred. At the growth resumption in the spring, the leaf surface area and plant weight decreased in the crops of the early sowing.

Conclusions. Among the agrotechnical methods of winter wheat cultivation, the sowing dates influence significantly on the biometric indicators of plants. Early sowing led to overgrowth of plants, and thus the leaf area and weight of plants decreased during the winter. In the spring, at the time of growth resumption, it was observed that the number of shoots and nodular roots increased for all sowing dates. The plants grew and developed better on the black fallow compared to the stubble predecessor. The height, leaf area and weight of 100 dry plants of the Lastivka Odeska and Holubka Odeska varieties of soft winter wheat exceeded similar indicators of durum wheat Burshtyn.

Keywords: winterwheat, sowing date,variety, predecessor, biometric indicators, leaf area.

UDC 633.15:631.165:330.131.5             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0218

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 148–159

I. S. Voloshchuk, O. P. Voloshchuk, V. V. Hlyva, M. O. Pashchak

Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS, 5 Hrushevskyi St., Obroshyne village, Lviv district,Lviv region, 81115, Ukraine

Topicality. The efficiency of the grain production industry allows to provide the population with food and the state with currency. A significant place in the increase in the volume of grain crops is assigned to maize, which is in stable demand both in the domestic and foreign markets. Issues. Due to the lack of programs of grain maize breeding in the Western Forest-Steppe zone, it is necessary to purchase the hybrids and seed material in the originating institutions of the Central Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones. The choice of high-yield hybrids depends on their biological characteristics, effective use of soil and climatic conditions and positive response to the cultivation technology. Aim. To conduct a comprehensive and economic evaluation of maize hybrids depending on the implementation of their genetic potential in the soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe and their response to the system of basic and foliar plant nutrition. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out during 2019–2021 on the fields of the Department of Seed Production and Seed Science at the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS. We studied next maize hybrids: Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV (the originator – State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, Dnipro). Yield accounting was carried out by direct combining of experimental plots with subsequent weighing, and the obtained data was recalculated for standard grain moisture content. Processing statistical data - by analysis of variance (Excel, Statistica 6.0) according to V. A. Ushkarenko, R. A. Vozhehova, S. P. Goloborodko, S. V. Kokovikhin (2013), economic assessment – by the method of V. I. Boiko, E. M. Lebid, V. S. Rybka (2008). Results. The highest grain yield of maize hybrids (7.49 t/ha for early-ripening group and 7.62 t/ha for mid-early group) was obtained in 2019; in 2020, the grain yield was lowest – 7.07 and 7.22 t/ha, respectively. The highest yield of 7.68 t/ha was obtained for DN Meotyda hybrid of the early ripening group, and 7.67 t/ha – for Orzhytsia 237 MV hybrid of the mid-early ripening group. Over the years of research, the variability of grain yield for the early ripening hybrids (FAO 100–199) ranged within 0.32–0.52 t/ha, for the mid-early ripening hybrids (FAO 200–299) – 0.22–0.35 t/ha. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated forms of microfertilizers was effective on gray forest surface-gley soils of the studied region with hard-to-reach forms of nutrients. Microfertilizers used in pre-sowing seed treatment increased grain yield by 0.21–0.43 t/ha. Conclusions. The growth of economic indicators for farms of various forms of ownership in the Western Forest-Steppe zone is facilitated by the expansion of the range of simple linear maize hybrids of domestic selection. When growing ecologically plastic maize hybrids of different maturity groups (Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV), the profitability of grain production reached 107.2–132.1%. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated microfertilizers: Oracle Seeds (1.0 l/t), Brexil Combi (0.5 kg/t) and Valagro EDTA Mix 5 (0.2 kg/t) increased the profitability by 2.7–9.2 %. When applying microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) in the stage of ВВСН 16–18 (6–8 leaves) and ВВСН 59 (tasseling), the profitability indicator exceeded the control (without foliar feeding) by 37.1–38.2 %. When the rate of application of mineral fertilizers was increased to N₁₅₀P₉₀K_90, it was obtained a higher profitability of grain production of early ripening maize hybrids (FAO 100–199) at plant density of 75 thousand pcs/ha) by 24.6–27.7 %, mid-early ripening (FAO 200–299 with plant density of 80 thousand pcs/ha) – by 17.4–20.7 % compared to N₁₂₀P₉₀K₉₀.

Key words: maize, yield, microfertilizers, mineral fertilizers, profitability.

UDC: 631.816:631.582           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0222

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 186–193.

Ivanina V. V., Pashynska K. L. 

Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS, 25 Klinichna St., Kyiv, 03141, Ukraine.

Topicality. In recent years, the sown area of grain sorghum in the Forest-Steppe zone has significantly increased. This is a new soil and ecological niche for this crop, where fertilization issues require in-depth study and are therefore relevant. The basis of an effective and ecologically stable fertilization system is the formation of nutrients balance in the soil, which provides a stable basis for growing grain sorghum. Aim. To study the peculiarities of the nutrient consumption of grain sorghum plants under the mineral and alternative organomineral fertilizer systems on leached chernozem, and to form a paradigm of ecologically balanced and cost-effective fertilizer application. Materials andmethods. Temporary field, analytical and computational research methods were used to determine the removal and balance of nutrients. Results. The research results showed the influence of fertilizer systems on grain yield, removal and balance of nutrients in grain sorghum crops. It was found that the biological yield of grain sorghum consumes a large amount of nutrients, which are unevenly distributed among its components. The grain sorghum yield mainly removes nitrogen, the yield of stem mass – mainly potassium and a significant amount of nitrogen. To ensure a stable growing this crop and to form a nutrient balance in the soil, it is important to leave the non-marketable part of the crop yield in the field. It was substantiated that the alternative organomineral fertilizer system is able to form a nutrient balance in the soil and ensure high grain yield for growing grain sorghum on leached chernozem in conditions of sufficient moisture content in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Conclusions. In control variant without fertilizers, grain sorghum plants with grain yield of 6.09 t/ha removed nitrogen – 105 kg/ha, phosphorus – 24 kg/ha, potassium – 27 kg/ha, with stem yield of 26.1 t/ha – 58, 12 and 140 kg/ha, respectively. It was noted that the high productive and environmentally sustainable fertilizer system with a grain yield of more than 8.5 t/ha was the system, in which a non-marketable part of the grain sorghum yield was remained in the field and 4 t/ha of straw + N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ was applied under plowing in autumn. Under such conditions, a deficit-free nitrogen balance (-4 kg/ha) was formed and significant reserves of phosphorus and potassium accumulated in the soil (94 and 134 kg/ha, respectively). If the non-marketable part of the grain sorghum yield is left in the field, it is rational to apply only nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers under the alternative organomineral fertilizer system – 4 t/ha of straw + N₁₂₀P₃₀. Such a fertilizer system forms a nutrient balance in the soil, significantly reduces the costs for fertilizers, and increases the accumulation of organic matter.

Key words: grain sorghum, nutrients, fertilizer system, removal and balance.

UDС 631.95:631.8/821.1:633.11/633.16 (447.81)        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0219

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (1). 160–168.

Polovyi  V. M., Rovna G. F., Yashchenko  L. A., Huk  B. V. 

 Іnstitute of Agriculture of Western Polissyaof NAAS, 5, Rivnenskast, Shubkiv, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Topicality. With climate change, agricultural production accounts for about 15 % of greenhouse gas emissions. Disbalance of organic carbon decreases the environmental sustainability and productivity of agroecosystems and soil fertility. With soil management, the intensity of carbon monoxide emission from the soil can reduce to optimize its organic matter. Issues. There is a crucial need to study and analyze comprehensively the effects of different rates of chemical meliorants and mineral fertilizers for crops in the Western Polissia crop rotation on the volume of CO2 emissions from sod-podzolic soil. Aim. To study the characteristic features of carbon dioxide emissions from sod-podzolic soil during winter wheat and spring barley cultivation with different rates of meliorants and fertilizers. Materials and Methods. Field experiment, agrochemical and statistical methods. Results. On the background of mineral fertilization, land reclamation with limestone materials at 0.5 and 1.0 rates determined by the hydrolytic acidity of the soil generally decreases CO2 emissions into the air. During the growing season, depending on the development stage of spring barley, the level of carbon dioxide emission in the variant with N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ was 89.8–68.3–63.5 mg CO₂/kg soil, and in combination with 1.0 rate of dolomite powder – 83.1–59.8–63.6 mg CO₂/kg soil. It is noted that the intensity of CO₂ accumulation in the surface layer depended on rates of ameliorant, soil moisture and temperature. Thus, the carbon dioxide emission in a winter wheat field was the highest when 1.5 rates of dolomite powder were applied on the background of N₁₂₀P₆₀K₉₀ , and in the stem elongation stage at air temperature 13.2 ℃was 77.7 mg CO₂/kg of soil. When air temperature increased to 22.0 ℃ in the heading stage, this indicator increased by 1.2 times and at air temperature of 20.4 ℃ in the full maturity stage, it decreased by 1.3 times.When 1.0 rate of dolomite powder was applied, CO₂ emission decreased to 18.2 mg CO₂/kg of soil compared with 1.5 rates in the full maturity stage of wheat due to the intensity of redox processes in the soil when different rates of limestone materials was applied.  Conclusions.In the short-term crop rotation, lime application had a positive effect on the formation of deficit-free balance of organic carbon in sod-podzolic soil with intensive application of mineral fertilizers for crops. When we applied 1.0 and 1.5 rates of dolomite powder on the background of N₁₂₀P₆₀K₉₀ in winter wheat crops, the organic carbon  balance  was 0.35–0.28 t/ha, in spring barley crops on the background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ – 0.10–0.16 t/ha.

Key words: winter wheat, spring barley, land reclamation, fertilizers, carbon dioxide, balance.

UDC 631.582                                      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0220

Grain Crops, 2022. 6 (1).169–176.

Yu. V. Mashchenko, I. M. Semeniaka, M. I. Cheriachukin, O. M. Hryhoreva

Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe of NAAS, 2 Tsentralna St., Sozonivka village, Kropyvnytskyi district, Kirovohrad region, 27602, Ukraine

Topicality. In the condition of insufficient moisture in the Right Bank Steppe of Ukraine, agriculture is associated with weather risks, non-compliance with the appropriate structure of sown areas and fertilization systems, which makes it difficult to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops. The development of agricultural systems is the basis for increasing both yield levels and the competitiveness of the agricultural industry as a whole. Aim. To study the influence of fertilization systems on the fertility of ordinary chernozems and crop productivity in biological short-term crop rotations. Methods. Field trial, laboratory, statistical methods.  Results. It was found that the field crops of both grain-fallow-row and grain-row crop rotations were formed the highest productivity under high level of fertilization. Under different fertilization systems, it was noted that the productivity of grain-fallow-row crop rotation is higher than grain-row crop rotation by 8.3 t/ha or by 5.6 %. The productivity of both crop rotations was increased  by an average of 6.4–7.8 % due to the application of microbial preparations against the background of mineral and organomineral fertilization systems. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in all variants of both crop rotations increased due to studied fertilizer rates, but these rates were insufficient to maintain the content of nitrogen and humus at the initial level. In both crop rotations, it was noted that the lowest degree of "burning" humus was on the background of the organomineral fertilizers. When organomineral fertilizers were applied in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.50 % that was 0.06 % less compared to variant with the mineral fertilization and control, and in grain-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.46 % that was less by 0.11 and 0.06 %, respectively. Conclusions. Profit at the level (on average) of UAH 9114.4/ha was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation, it is more by UAH 1039/ha, or 11.4 % compared to grain-row crop rotation. The advantage was that the predecessor residues in the organomineral fertilizer system was used as organic fertilizer, which have a positive effect on the synthesis of organic matter in the soil, productivity and economic efficiency.

Keywords: crop rotations, fertilizers,yield, productivity, soil fertility, economic efficiency.

UDC 004:631.147                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0221

Grain Crops, 2022. 6 (1).177–185.

О. V. Lebed 

Vinnitsa National Agrarian University, 3 SoniachnaSt., Vinnitsa, 21008, Ukraine

Topicality. The article is devoted to the information technology (IT) used in organic production. The current state of the market for organic agricultural products and the peculiarities of the industry are considered. The main conditions and factors influencing the development of the market of organic products are reflected. The main requirements for organic production and certification of finished products are presented. The reasons for restraining the development of organic agriculture are identified. The organic agriculture is considered highly beneficial for sustainable socio-economic and environmental development, as it is characterized by low cost and high economic efficiency. Aim. To reveal the theoretical and practical aspects of the information technology introduction in organic agriculture. Materials and Methods. During the research, it was used the general and specific scientific methods: economic, statistical, graphic, method of comparison and grouping, economic-statistical, methods of analysis and synthesis, method of generalization of research results, etc. In addition to general methods, methods of cognition theory were used to help consider and characterize the essence, meaning and features of the application of information technology in the organic agriculture, as well as to explore scientific approaches to the efficiency of organic production under digitalization. Results. The study allowed to assess the impact of information technology on the development of organic agriculture and the market of organic products in Ukraine. To organize the production of organic agricultural products, it is necessary to ensure effective legal regulation of the development of this agricultural activity. The issues of formation, implementation and application of information technologies in the production of organic products, risk management of reducing the organic status of products are studied. The basic requirements to the agricultural enterprises and the made organic production of branch are reflected. Features of implementation of information technologies, their advantages and possibilities for use are considered. Production and economic indicators for the organic product production are given. Conclusions. As practice shows, 2/3 of the increase in organic production is due to the implementation of the latest advanced information technologies. Today, the innovative potential of the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex is used within 4–5 %, in comparison with 50 % in the USA.

Key words: information technologies, organic production, innovations, economy, agricultural sector, production, products.