Grain Crops.- 2023. - Vol. 7.- № 1

UDC 633.36/.37:631.527            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0252

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 5–12.

Kulinich O. O.  

SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi  St., Dnipro, 49009,

Topicality. As an important food crop, red lentils account for 70 % of gross consumption, and the demand for these lentils among consumers in Ukraine is constantly increasing, so it is important to develop and promote varieties of this species into production. Purpose. To create and evaluate a new initial material based on a set of economically valuable traits for the red lentil breeding. Methods. The research was conducted at the State Enterprise "Experimental Farm Krasnohradske" in the 2020–2022. The main method used for lentil breeding is intraspecific hybridization followed by individual selection in nurseries. Records and observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. Plant height of the most productive hybrids ranged from 47.0 to 56.5 cm. The coefficient of variation for this indicator was in the range of 6.4–10.8 %. The number of lateral branches in the studied samples was 5-18 pcs, the coefficient of variation ranged from 15.2 to 26.2 %. The highest number of beans per plant was in the following combinations: natural hybrid with CN 111395 – 281 pcs, and CN 111396 × (Stanka 2 × K. 1212) – 261 pcs on average, the coefficient of variation of this trait was within 32-45 %. Among the studied samples of red lentils, the number of full seeds per plant reached 520 pcs. The best combinations in terms of this indicator were Stanka 2 × K. 1212 with an average of 283 seeds and CN 111396 × (Stanka 2 × K. 1212) with an average of 275 seeds. The coefficient of variation for this indicator was quite high (36–52 %), depending on the combination. The grain weight per plant was 6.3–8.6 g. Еhe coefficient of variation of this trait was 46–51 %, which indicates a significant potential for the selection of highly productive lines. The high yielding combinations by grain weight per plant were hybrid combinations Stanka 2 × K. 1212; CN 111396 × (Stanka 2 × K. 1212). Conclusions. It was found that extreme growing conditions reduced both average and maximum values for all traits. Significant variation in the number of beans and seeds per plant as well as in the seed weight per plant was recorded. In the near future, the developed hybrid combinations are planned to be included in the breeding programme for new high-yielding red lentil varieties.

Key words: lentil, variety, hybridization, cotyledons, yield, traits, hybrid combinations

UDC 633.15: 631.527        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0253

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7 (1). 13–18. 

Olkhovyk M. S.

Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49000, Ukraine

            Topicality. In light of the intensification of agriculture towards more rational utilisation of land resources and the growing season, given the importance of stubble and postcut fodder maize crops in fodder production and maize adaptability to the conditions of the Steppe zone, it is important to study the growth processes of maize under late sowing. Namely, the study of the influence of late sowing date on such traits as plant height and insertion height of the first productive ear for early ripening hybrids, the share of which in maize grain production is increasing. Purpose. To establish the most stable hybrid combinations by studying the variability of plant height and ear insertion height in early ripening maize hybrids under two sowing dates. Methods. Hybridization was usedfordeveloping hybrid material; laboratory and field method – to determine morphobiological traits of maize hybrids; measuring weight - to determine metric traits of plants; mathematical and statistical method – to determine the reliability of results, indicators of trait variability, and the correlation of traits.Results. The study of early ripening maize hybrids developed by crossing the most common germplasms under two sowing dates revealed that hybrids of heterotic models Iodent×Flint and Iodent×Mix had stably high values of the plant height trait at both sowing dates; hybrids of heterotic models Iodent×Flint and Iodent×Mix and Mix×Flint had stably high values of the insertion height of first productive ear at both sowing dates. Conclusions. We have identified the hybrid combinations DK4173SVZM×DK367, DK4172×DK367, MS381MV×DK367, MS555×DK367 (heterotic model Iodent×Mix), and DK4173SVZM×DK2073 (heterotic model Iodent×Flint), which were characterised by stably high values of the plant height trait,as well asthe hybrid combinations DK4172×DK4538 (heterotic model Iodent×Flint), DK4172×DK367 (heterotic model Iodent×Mix), and DK2659×DK4538 (heterotic model Mix×Flint),which were characterised by stably high values of the insertion height of first productive ear at both sowing dates. The correlation between plant height and the ear insertion height of maize hybrids was confirmed for both sowing dates in all heterotic models studied.

Key words: common maize, breeding, prematurity, plant height, ear insertion height, sowing dates, line, single-cross hybrids

UDС 633.15:631.52        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0254          

Grain Crops. 2023. 7 (1). 19–27.

Cherchel V. Yu., Kuprichenkov D. S. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr  Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The comparative study on effectiveness of several methods of popping popcorn from Zea Mays L. everta Sturt. is important and relevant. Technological indicators of popcorn kernels depend on many factors, including the method of popping. Purpose. To compare the technological characteristics for popcorn kernels obtained by two methods of popping the grain: frying in a frying pan and heating with air-popping appliances. Methods. The initial material for research was kernels of popcorn lines bred by the Laboratory of Maize Breeding for Food Use at SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. According to the first method of popping, one layer of popcorn kernels were placed on an aluminum pan heated to 175 ºC and fried without oil, shaking the kernels every 5–6 seconds. For the second popping method, Clatronic PM 3635 electric popcorn maker having a capacity of 1200 W was used. Results. In the first method of producing popcorn, the dominant type of popcorn flakes was unilaterally expanded; the average percentage of unpopped kernels was 3.5 %; the coefficient of kernel volume expansion varied from 16.4 to 29.7; and eating qualities were from 3 to 4.5 points. In the second method, the dominant type of popcorn flakes was bilateral expanded; the average percentage of unpopped kernels was 18.2 %; coefficient of kernel volume expansion ranged from 23.4 to 45.2; and eating qualities were from 3.5 to 5 points. For the first popping method, the coefficient of kernel volume expansion had an inverse average correlation with the percentage of unpopped kernels; for the second popping method, it had a direct average correlation with the thousand kernel weight. Conclusions. The method of popping popcorn affects the technological indicators of popcorn such as the number, weight and percentage of unpopped kernels; volume and weight of popcorn flakes; coefficient of kernel volume expansion; type of popped flakes and flavor of popcorn. Lines RB 20, RK 1, RK 44, RK 6 with kernel volume expansion coefficient over 40 and popcorn taste qualities of 5 points were selected.

Key words: breeding, line, technological indicators, coefficient of kernel volume expansion, unpopped kernels, type of popped flakes, correlation

UDC 633.1.“324”:631.524.85            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0255

Grain Crops. 2023.7(1).  28–36.

Pirych A. V., Fedorenko M. V., Fedorenko I. V., Kuzmenko Ye. A., Blyzniuk R. M. 

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS, Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

Topicality. The requirements for modern winter triticale varieties include high grain yield and quality, as well as resistance to adverse environmental factors, i.e. high adaptability. Therefore, it remains important to develop varieties that combine the highest yield potential with genetic resistance to limiting factors. Purpose. To identify winter triticale breeding lines with high adaptability for use in breeding practice. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine. As a standard, the Amur variety was used. We have examined 20 breeding lines. Accounting plot area was 10 m², trial was repeated four times. In experiment, laboratory-field and mathematical-statistical methods were used. Results. In 2019/20-2021/22, contrasting meteorological conditions made it possible to evaluate and select breeding lines of winter triticale by adaptive potential. It was found that the yield, which actually characterises the genotype response to environmental growing conditions, was the highest (5.36 t/ha) in 2020/21 and the lowest (3.81 t/ha) in 2019/20. It was established that the breeding lines 22002 ( = 4.97 t/ha), 22008 (  = 4.88 t/ha), 22016 (  = 4.79 t /ha) had the best general adaptability in comparison with the Amur variety-standard, and they were included in the group with the highest indicators of maximum yield (ranks of 1–3). The coefficient of variation was characterized by an insignificant (7.24–7.66 %) and medium level of variability (12.54–16.65 %), which confirms a fairly high and stable genotypic component in the formation of plant productivity. Calculations of ecological plasticity made it possible to identify the lines 22015, 22004 (b_i = 0.63), which significantly reduced the yield under limited growing conditions. It is explained by high resistance of these lines to adverse environmental factors. In terms of yield, the highest homeostaticity and breeding value were shown by lines 22004, 22015, and 22008. Conclusions. During the research, we have identified the breeding lines 22004, 22015, 22008, and 22002 with high adaptive potential, which can used as a source material for developing highly productive varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Key words: winter triticale, breeding lines, adaptability, yield, meteorological conditions

UDC 633.11ˮ324:631ˮ.526.32              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0256

Grain Crops. 2023. 7 (1). 37–42.

Shevchenko O. O., Vashchenko V. V., Lobko  T. K. 

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhii Yefremov St., Dnipro, 49000, Ukraine

 Topicality. Over the past decades, a breeding program of leading scientific institutions has been implemented to improve soft winter wheat varieties in terms of yield, grain weight per main spike, degree of plasticity and genotypic effect. These characteristics demonstrate the ability of varieties to adapt to environmental changes. Purpose. To determine the degree of plasticity, level of stability, breeding value of modern varieties of soft winter wheat developed by leading scientific institutions. Materials and Methods. During 2020-2022, 15 varieties of soft winter wheat were examined in the crop rotation of the Breeding and Seed Production Department of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University. Accounting and observations were carried out according to the methodology of state variety testing. Ecological plasticity was determined by the methodology of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS according to the OSGE application package Tlite Systems gr. Results. The presented varieties have the sum of ranks 2 and 3 for the trait "grain weight per main spike", which indicates their high plasticity due to the stability of genetic potential realisation and their greater adaptation to the growing conditions in the northern subzone of the Steppe of Ukraine. The level of stability, plasticity and breeding value of varieties in different conditions of growing seasons was determined. The varieties Smuhlianka, Podolianka, Peremoha, Ihrysta, Komertsiina, Korusna and Yednist showed the highest level of plasticity. This allows us to predict the realisation of plasticity under sufficient moisture supply during the growing season and a slight decrease it under drought. Conclusions. The stability, plasticity, and breeding value for 15 varieties of soft winter wheat were determined. Under changing environmental conditions, authors revealed the possibility of their genetic potential for yield and ecological plasticity over the years due to the high stability of the genetic effect of the trait. The breeding value of modern varieties in terms of adaptability was confirmed to use them as a source material and introduce into production in conditions of unstable and insufficient moisture supply.

Key words: yield, grain weight of the main spike, genotypic effect, stability, breeding value

UDC 633.111«324»:631.527: 631.559: 581.15/292.485:477    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0257

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 43–54.

Rysin A. L., Volohdina H. B. 

The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS, 68 Tsentralna St., Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

Topicality. The main task of winter wheat breeding is to increase productivity, therefore, the development and introduction of new varieties of winter wheat with high productivity potential being well adapted to changing growing conditions into agricultural production is an urgent area of research. Breeders' efforts are aimed at developing varieties with a successful combination of high parameters of all the main productivity elements in one genotype, which will maximise grain yield. Breeding work is determined by many factors, among which the search and development of new genetic sources with high performance indicators. Therefore, the peculiarities of yield potential realization and the study of the mechanisms of productivity element formation under changing meteorological conditions are important for establishing the response rate and selecting the most stable productive genotypes and their further involvement in breeding programs.
Purpose. To identify the best varieties and breeding lines of winter wheat in terms of productivity elements in the environment of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine for their involvement in crossbreeding programmes. Methods. Visual – phenological observations; laboratory-field – determination of biometric indicators; mathematical and statistical – establishing the reliability of the obtained data. Results. It was found that the maximum realisation of the yield potential of winter wheat plants by structural elements occurred under optimal growing conditions such as in years with higher moisture availability and sowing on 5 October. Yield formation was significantly influenced by the weather conditions of the year, genotype and unaccounted factors. Sowing dates had a significant effect only on the manifestation of the plant height trait. There was a minor variation (3.8 %÷5.5 %) in plant height in all varieties and breeding lines. Different levels of variability were found for the following traits: number of productive stems varied from Cv=16.4 % (second sowing date in the dry 2019/20) to Cv=27.6 % (first sowing date in the favourable 2020/21); main head grain content and thousand grain weight – Cv=10.7÷17.6 % and Cv=8.8÷16.9 %, respectively. Regardless of varietal characteristics, the main spike length had insignificant (Сv=5.6÷8.8 %) phenotypic variability with a range of variation of 0.2–2.0 cm. There were determined the variability levels of traits by the spikelet number per spike (Сv=5.7 %÷8.6 %), by grain weight per spike (Сv=13.1÷20.5 %) and per plant (Сv=20.5÷36.3 %). Conclusions. The varieties MIP Assol, Hratsiia MYR, MIP Dniprianka, MIP Yuvileina and breeding lines LUT 55198, LUT 37519 consistently formed a high level of productivity elements regardless of sowing dates and conditions of the growing year, which indicates their high adaptive capacity. They are recommended for breeding programmes as valuable parental components.

Key words: productivity parameters, trait, variation, sowing date, year conditions

UDC 633.15:631.53.026/.027       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0258

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 56–62.

Kyrpa М. Ya., Kovaliov D. V., Filipkova N. S. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

 Topicality. The research on the preparation of high-quality seed of maize hybrids based on the consideration of their technical and technological properties at the stages of harvesting, processing and storage is relevant today. Purpose. To study and determine the essential physical parameters that characterise technical and technological characteristics and affect the seed quality of maize hybrids. Methods. The research includes theoretical and practical calculations with a review of literature sources, laboratory and model experiments and the laying out of field trials, mathematical and statistical evaluation of the data obtained. The experiments were carried out according to standardised methods of DSTU and agrotechnical recommendations, and the source material was hybrids bred by the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Results. The most significant physical characteristics of seeds are evaluated: shape, linear size, volume and geometric surface of seeds, their weight and specific weight, mechanical strength of maize hybrids and self-pollinated lines, and differences between them are determined. Experiments on seed separation, drying and storage were carried out, and certain physical characteristics were identified that have a special impact on the technology of these processes and form the seed quality. Conclusions. The dry seed quality during the separation process is most affected by the linear size of the seed, in particular, seed width, depending on which the fractions with the highest germination and yield are separated (tailing through round holes of 8 mm and more in diameter). Drying is influenced by the coefficient that characterises the ratio of the geometric area to the volume of the seed; at a coefficient of more than 1.0 (in experiments – 1.14–1.22), the intensity of moisture transfer and the drying rate increase by 8.3–15.7 % compared to a coefficient of 1.0. During storage, especially long-term storage, the quality and resistance of seeds is affected by the equilibrium moisture content, which should be at the level of 12 %, depending on the environmental conditions.

Key words: maize seed, harvesting, drying, storage, physical characteristics, germination, yield

UDC 633.15:631.527                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0259

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1).  62–67.

Svinitskyi L. M.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Maize is a monoecious cross-pollinated plant with a well-defined proterandry, however, some maize samples show persistent proterogyny. A significant manifestation of proterandry and proterogyny tends to negatively affect the pollination quality of ears and the yield of lines during reproduction. Synchronisation of flowering the ear in the female component and the tassel in the male component is essential for the reproduction of sterile analogues of self-pollinated lines and for production of F1 hybrid seeds. Since the lack of coincidence in flowering dates can cause poor pollination and the formation of ears with incomplete kernel set and further loss of seed yield. Purpose. To determine the variability of the seedling – flowering period of female and male inflorescences of parental components in maize hybrids under the influence of abiotic factors. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine during 2018–2021. In the experiment, 15 parental components of maize hybrids were used: DK216M sterile, DK216SVZM, DK273MV, DK777M, DK777ZMSV, DK680MVZS, DK315M sterile, DK315SVZM, DK239MV, NT 004 sterile, NT 004 fastener, TT005, DK2064M, DK2064SVZM, DK633/325 MV. The flowering date for inflorescences of parental components was recorded at flowering of 50% of plants on the plot. Results. The agrometeorological conditions were quite contrasting over the years of research, which allowed us to comprehensively assess the variability of the seedling-flowering period of female and male inflorescences in the parental components of maize hybrids. We found that the parental components were differently sensitive to environmental changes; the dichogamy of flowering of male and female inflorescences in most maize genotypes has traits of proterandry. Proterogyny was observed in some samples under cool weather conditions with high precipitation. Conclusions. We found that abiotic factors affect the variability of the seedling-flowering period for female and male inflorescences in the parental components of maize hybrids, however, in our experiments, the variability of the seedling-flowering period in maize was very low. The obtained results indicate the possibility for reliable seed production of maize hybrids DN Synevyr, DN Svitiaz, DN Halateia, Monika 350 MV, DN Vesta in the Steppe of Ukraine.

Key words: maize, parental components, seedling-flowering period, proterandry, proterogyny, range of variation, coefficient of variation

UDC 633.358”324”:581.192(477.74)               https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0260

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 68–75.

Byrukina S. I., Kohut I. M., Rudenko V. A. 

Odesa State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine. 24 Maiatska road St., Khlibodarske village, Odesa district, Odesa region, 67667, Ukraine 

Topicality. When new crop varieties or cultivars are introduced into production, their chemical composition should be studied, since the latter depends on the climatic conditions of the region and cultivation technologies. Therefore, the study of the peculiarities of the formation of macro- and microelements composition of a new variety of winter peas in the climatic conditions of the Southern Steppe is advisable. Purpose. To evaluate the chemical composition of winter pea and the distribution of macro- and microelements in the structural parts of plants depending on their development stages in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Samples of winter peas were selected by development stages in stationary and temporary experiments, as well as in production and testing crops of agricultural farms of the Odesa region. The following methods were used: laboratory method to determine content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microelements; statistical method to perform correlation, analysis of variance and statistical evaluation of research results. Results. The paper presents the data on the chemical composition of winter pea cultivated in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The peculiarities of accumulation and distribution of macro- and microelements by the leaf-stem mass, grain and roots of winter pea are established. It was found that the rate of toxic elements accumulation in the vegetative mass of pea plants increased and decreased when they moved from plant leaves and stems to grain. Conclusions. The average content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microelements in grain and by-products of winter pea in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine were determined. We found significant changes in the microelement composition of the leaves and stems, grain and roots of winter pea. A higher variability of microelement content (12.7–70.7 %) was noted in contrast to the macroelement content (7.7–48.3 %). The low resistance of root barriers to the entry of Cd and Pb toxicants into the aboveground organs of winter pea over the entire growing season and the high intensity of the leaf-stem mass resistance to the absorption of these metals by grain were determined.

Keywords:winter peas, microelements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, content

UDC 631.5:633.15                     https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0261

Grain Crops. 2023. 7 (1). 76–84.    

Dudka M. I.,Yakunin O. P.    

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. In the context of global warming and climate changes, it is important to substantiate, develop and implement agrotechnical practices to mitigate the negative effects of drought, heat and soil moisture deficit. The solution to these problems is to find ways to optimise the growing conditions of maize (Zea mays L.), using the adaptive properties and agrocenotic resistance of new hybrids to adverse environmental stressors with rational management of the growing season and agroclimatic resources of soil and ecological zones. Sowing methods and plant density, as well as other technological factors, play an important role in the complex of zonal agrotechnical practices. Maize plants demonstrate considerable biological plasticity in interaction with environmental conditions. The life support processes of maize plants depend on ecological changes caused by the quantitative and spatial placement of maize plants in the crop. The variability of the size and configuration of the individual plant nutrition area is limited primarily by the plant's requirements for environmental factors that ensure their normal growth, development and high productivity. Purpose. The research was aimed to identify the peculiarities of plant growth and development, as well as the formation of maize grain yield depending on the method of sowing and plant density in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials andMethods. The research was carried out at the Experimental Farm "Dnipro" of the State Enterprise of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. The soil was ordinary low-humus full-profile chernozem. The mid-early maize hybrid DN Stiah was sown with row spacing of 30, 45 and 70 cm at plant density of 40, 50, 60 and 70 thousand plants/ha, fertiliser background – N₆₀P₄₅K₄₅. Results. Sowing methods and plant density influenced the structural elements of the yield and maize grain yield. In 2019–2021, the highest average maize yield (11.13 t/ha) for factor A (sowing method) was obtained by sowing with row spacing of 30 cm. Increasing the row spacing to 45 and 70 cm led to a decrease in the grain productivity of the maize hybrid DN Stiah by 0.21 and 0.75 t/ha (i.e. by 1.9 and 6.7 %), respectively. For factor B (planting density), the highest average grain yield (11.03 and 10.95 t/ha) was obtained at a planting density of 60 and 50 thousand plants/ha, respectively. Conclusions. In the face of resource constraints, narrower row spacing in maize cultivation may have the potential to increase the level of realisation of hybrid productivity potential.

Key words:maize, method of sowing, plant density, biometric indicators of plants, individual productivity of plants, structural elements of yield, grain yield

UDC 633.16"324":631.53.04.048.338.432             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0262

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1).85–90.

Zavalypich N. O.,  Cherenkov A. V., Pedash O. O., Kulyk А. О. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine 

Topicality. Nowadays, profitable agricultural production requires a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of each agrotechnical technique of cultivation of field crops, including winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In market conditions, the main criterion for choosing a technology for growing a particular crop is economic efficiency. Therefore, a competitive technology is the one that provides the highest profitability and profit. Purpose. Investigation of the influence of agrotechnical practices on the level of economic efficiency of growing winter barley. Methods. The field experiments were laid out and carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of research. In the experiments, the winter barley of Deviatyi val variety was sown, followed by sunflower as a predecessor. Sowing was carried out in four dates: 20, 30 September and 10, 20 October with seeding rates of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 million germinable seeds/ha. Results. On average, over the years of research (2017–2019), the best economic output was obtained by sowing winter barley on 30 September. As a result, the highest grain yield was 5.28–5.52 t/ha with a profitability level of 71.6–82.6 %. Sowing on 20 October in all variants of the experiment resulted in the lowest cost recovery when growing winter barley on a non-fallow predecessor, and the profitability level ranged from 16.1–21.7 % depending on the seeding rate. Sowing on 30 September resulted in the highest profit of 9321–10562 UAH/ha, which is 7375–7958 UAH/ha more compared to the variants with sowing dates at the end of the second ten days of October. Conclusions. We found that the economic indicators during the years of research were influenced by the grain yield of winter barley depending on the technological practices of its cultivation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The research aimed at determining the economic efficiency of growing winter barley after sunflower, depending on the sowing dates and sowing rates, found that the variant with sowing on 30 September, where the highest grain yield was obtained, was more profitable. The sowing date with a seeding rate of 5.0 million seeds/ha provided the highest profitability (82.6 %), and the net income reached 10562 UAH/ha.

Key words: winter barley, sowing dates, seeding rates, yield, economic efficiency

UDC 633.11              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0263

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 91–97.

Kvasnitska L. S., Voitova H. P.

Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture Podillia of NAAS, Samchyky village, Khmelnytsky district, Khmelnytskyi region, 31182, Ukraine

Topicality. In eco-friendly farming systems, the biologicals help to increase winter wheat productivity and improve grain quality. These include both stubble biodestructors that accelerate the return of nutrients from by-products to the soil and multifunctional biologicals with fertilising, growth-regulating and protective properties. Purpose. To determine the influence of the stubble biodestructors and multifunctional biologicals under different fertilization backgrounds on the formation of individual plant productivity, yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field method was used to study the interaction of the investigated factors on the plant growth and development, as well as and the winter wheat yield; quantitative-weight method – to determine the structure of the yield; mathematical and statistical method – to analyse the reliability of the obtained results. Results. It was established that the application of stubble biodestructors and multifunctional biologicals had an impact on the formation of the winter wheat yield and provided an increase in the number of productive stems by 4–9 %, grain weight per head by 3–7 %, and yield by 8–17 % against the background without fertilizers. The application of N₉₀Р₆₀К₆₀ resulted in an increase in the number of productive stems by 10 %, the grain weight per head by 14 %, and the yield by 31% compared to the background without fertiliser. The use of biological preparations against this background provided an additional increase in productivity in the range of 9–15 %, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of productive stems and the weight of the ear of grain by 3–6 % and 5–8 %, respectively. On this background, the application of biologicals provided an additional increase in yield within 9–15 %, as well as an increase in the number of productive stems and grain weight per head by 3–6 % and 5–8 %, respectively. The highest yield of winter wheat was provided by the combination of the stubble biodestructor Organic-Balance with the of seed and crop treatment with a multifunctional biologicals Organic-Balance on a non-fertilised background – 5.27 t/ha and on a mineral background – 6.79 t/ha due to high productive stem density and the highest grain weight per head. Conclusions. In the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe on the non-fertilised background and mineral background with N₉₀Р₆₀К₆₀, the maximum grain yield of winter wheat grown after sunflower was obtained due to the combination of technological elements, including the application of stubble biodestructors and multifunctional biologicals for seed and crop treatment. These eco-friendly elements have the potential to improve the winter wheat cultivation technology.

Key words: winter wheat, fertilizer background, stubble biodestructor, multifunctional biologicals, productivity, grain quality

UDC 631.5:633.853.494                   https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0264 

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 98–105.

Kurach A. V., Lukashchuk L. Ya.,Zlotenko O. Yu.,Gen S. P. 

Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia NAAS, 5 Rivnenska St., Shubkiv village, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Topicality. Significant changes in market conditions and disruptions in the sown area structure in Ukraine require to search for optimal and cost-effective systems of fertilisation and crop management for modern varieties and hybrids of winter rape. The application of sulphur fertilisers, ammonium nitrate in early spring fertilisation and foliar feeding with growth stimulants and microfertilisers improves winter rape growth and development, yield structure and productivity. Purpose. To develop innovative agrotechnical practices involving the compound fertilizers, microfertilizers, growth stimulants, aimed to realize the high yield potential of winter rape in the Western Polissia. Methods. The research was carried out at the Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia on a typical low-humus light loamy chernozem. General scientific methods and analyses were used to compare the factors under study: field method was used to determine the fertiliser efficiency; visual, measuring and weighing method; laboratory method; comparative and calculation method; statistical method. The results. It was found that on winter rape crops, the best degree of overwintering was 85.5–88.8 % and 83.0–86.0 % for fertilisation with N₃₅P₉₀K₁₂₀ + N₈₅S₄₀ + N₃₀ and N₃₅S₆₀K₉₀ + N₈₅, compared to N₃₅P₆₀K₉₀ + N₈₅, where these indicators are within 77.3–77.7 %. The highest survivability of plants during the growing season was 98.4–98.6 %, when N₃₅P₉₀K₁₂₀ + N₈₅S₄₀ + N₃₀ was applied together with foliar feeding (Huliver Stymul + Avanhard Silicon Bio (1.0 + 1.0 l/ha) and Huliver Stymul + Avanhard P Phosphorus + Potassium (1.0 + 0.6 l/ha) in the rosette phase and the beginning of budding. The largest number of pods per plant is 121.5–124.0 pcs, the number of seeds per pod is 24.1–24.7 pcs, the thousand seed weight – 4.54–4.56 g was observed for fertilisation with N₃₅P₉₀K₁₂₀ + N₈₅S₄₀ + N₃₀ with two foliar feeding with Huliver Stymul + Avanhard Silicon Bio (1.0 + 1.0 l/ha) and Huliver Stymul + Avanhard P Phosphorus + Potassium (1.0 + 0.6 l/ha). The maximum yield of 4.45 t/ha was obtained with fertiliser of N₃₅P₉₀K₁₂₀ + N₈₅S₄₀ + N₃₀ and foliar feeding with Huliver Stymul + Avanhard P Phosphorus + Potassium (1.0 + 0.6 l/ha). Conclusions. It was found that early spring application of ammonium sulphate N₃₅S₄₀ and ammonium nitrate N_50–85 kg/ha was an effective method to increase the winter rape yield to 4.45 t/ha, the increase in yield due to fertilisation varied within 5.1–15 %. When foliar feeding with a growth stimulator and microfertilisers was applied two times in the spring rosette and flower budding stage, the yield increase ranged from 2.8 to 16.5 %.

Key words: winter rape, fertilization system, foliar feeding, productivity

UDC 633.174:631.5           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0265

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 106–112.

Pravdyva L. A.

The Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS, 25 Klinichna St., Kyiv, 03141, Ukraine

Topicality. Recently, attention is being increasingly focused on the search for energy resources produced from renewable energy sources, namely from plant raw materials. There are increasingly relevant studies on the influence of elements of cultivation technology, in particular, seeding rates, on the formation of productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz used for biofuel production. There are increasingly relevant studies on the influence of elements of cultivation technology, in particular, seeding rates, on the formation of productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz used for biofuel production. In the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the productivity of these crops largely depends on the variety, environmental conditions and elements of cultivation technology. Optimisation of seeding rates is one of the ways to increase grain and biomass yield and biofuel and energy output. Purpose. Our research aimed to determine the impact of sowing rates on the energy productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz in the conditions of the eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In 2016–2020, the research was carried out at the Ivanivka Research and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS in the unstable moisture zone of the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine The experimental design included: factor A – varieties Dniprovskyi 39 (common bicolour sorghum) and Samaran 6 (soryz); factor B - seeding rates: 1) 150 ths. pcs/ha; 2) 200 ths. pcs/ha; 250 ths. pcs/ha. Results. It was found that the different seeding rates have an impact on grain and biomass yield of sorghum and soryz, respectively, and on the estimated yield of bioethanol from grain, solid fuel yield from aboveground mass and total energy output. The maximum grain and biomass yield was obtained at a seeding rate of 200 ths. pcs/ha and was 6.8 and 39.2 t/ha for common bicoloured sorghum of Dniprovskyi 39 variety and 5.9 and 36.1 t/ha for soryz of Samaran 6 variety. Conclusions. Dneprovsky 39 variety provided the highest output of bioethanol (2.24 t/ha) and energy (56.04 GJ/ha), and Samaran 6 variety – 1.95 t/ha and 48.63 GJ/ha, respectively. Sorghum has the highest output of solid fuel and energy – 9.06 t/ha and 147.6 GJ/ha, and soryz – 8.34 t/ha and 135.93 GJ/ha, respectively. For the production of biofuel and energy resources, the cultivation of common bicolour sorghum with a seeding rate of 200 ths. pcs/ha is more efficient.

Key words: variety, yield, grain, biomass, bioethanol, solid fuel, energy

UDC 633.34:631.147:631.92                 https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0266

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 113–122.

Grabovskyi M. B., Fedoruk Yu. V., Grabovska T. O., Lozinskyi M. V., Kozak L. A. 

Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, 8/1 Soborna Sq., Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region, 09117, Ukraine

Topicality. One of the alternatives to the intensification of agricultural production is the introduction of new ecological technologies that are aimed at realizing the natural potential of agrophytocenoses and are based on the effective use of their biological capabilities. Climate changes and development of environmentalization in agriculture create prerequisites for the selection of soybean varieties of different maturity groups and the study of their productivity potential and grain quality indicators under different cultivation technologies. Purpose. Assessment of soybean varieties by yield and grain quality indicators under traditional and organic technologies. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical, statistical analysis. Results. It was established that the grain yield of mid-early ripening soybean varieties (Everest, ES Professor and DH530) was 2.88 t/ha under traditional technology, and 2.24 t/ha under organic technology, and of mid-ripening soybean varieties (Winsdor, ES Pallador and Emperor) – 3.25 and 2.44 t/ha, respectively, that is higher than in mid-early ripening varieties. The difference in grain yield under traditional and organic technologies was 0.63 t/ha for mid-early ripening varieties, and 0.81 t/ha for mid-ripening varieties. Over two years of research, we found that soybean grain contained an average of 39.8–42.5 % protein, 20.1–21.7 % fat, and 11.7–13.9 % moisture. Protein yield ranged within 1.11–1.42 t/ha and fat yield – 0.57–0.72 t/ha due to higher soybean grain yield under traditional technology, which was by 21.0–24.7 and 21.5–25.6 % higher than under organic cultivation. It was found that the level of correlation between grain yield and protein content was above the average (r = 0.69 and 0.78) for traditional and organic cultivation, and the correlation between yield and fat content was high (r = 0.97 and 0.95). Conclusions. The quality indicators (protein and fat content) and grain moisture content of soybeans depended on the varietal characteristics and weather conditions and remained unchanged under the influence of cultivation technology. The soybean of Emperor variety had the highest grain yield (3.35 and 2.47 t/ha), protein yield (1.42 and 1.05 t/ha) and fat yield (0.72 and 0.54 t/ha), respectively, under traditional and organic cultivation technologies. Therefore, this variety can be recommended for cultivation under both technologies.

Key words: soybean, productivity, protein content, fat content, grain moisture content

UDC 633.111.5                    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0267

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 123–128.

Viniukov О. О.,Butenko O. M.

Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS of Ukraine, 1 Zakhysnykiv Ukrainy St., Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, 85307, Ukraine

Topicality. The popularity of Khorasan wheat among consumers is due to the fact that their grain has more useful properties than traditional wheat types. The distribution of this wheat is restricted by the lack of accurate agrotechnological practices that would allow plants to maximise their genetically programmed productivity. Purpose. To determine the influence of the proposed elements of cultivation technology on the formation of biometric parameters by Khorasan wheat plants in the eastern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In 2021–2022, research was conducted in the field crop rotation of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS, according to the method of B. O. Dospehov. The predecessor was a sunflower. The Khorasan wheat of Sarmat variety was used for sowing. Research methods were used: field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. Application of mineral fertilisers in the cultivation of Khorasan wheat contributes to the formation of better biometric parameters during the growing season compared to the control variant. At full maturity stage, the habitus of plants exceeds the control variant by 22 cm. The number of nodal roots per plant increases by 0.7 pcs and the productive tillering coefficient– by 0.1. When lower sowing rates are applied (2.0 and 3.0 million seeds/ha), plants form better biometric parameters regardless of nutritional background. The largest number of productive shoots of the Khorasan wheat forms in the nutrition background N₃₀P₃₀. Depending on the seeding rate, the coefficient of productive tillering varied from 1.4 to 1.2. Conclusions. Increasing or decreasing the seeding rate does not significantly affect the physiological ability of the crop to form a high plant density. Economically efficient plant density per unit area can be formed by increasing the seeding rate, which will reduce the number of productive stems per plant, but the total number of productive stems per 1 m² will increase, as a result, grain yield will increase.

Key words: Khorasan wheat, seeding rate, nutritional background, tillering coefficient, number of nodal roots, plant height, productive tillering coefficient, number of stems

UDC 633.11: 577.11        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0268

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7 (1). 129–137.

Fanin Ya. S., Lytvynenko M. A.

Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation, 3 Ovidiopolska road, Odesa, 65036, Ukraine

Topicality. One of the main indicators that determine the commercial value of wheat grain, its baking and technological properties is the mass fraction of protein. The results of scientific research and agricultural production practices show that over the past 80–90 years in the southern regions of Ukraine, the protein content of winter wheat grain has decreased from 17–18 % to 10–12 %, and in unfavourable weather conditions, the amount of protein in grain can even decrease to 8.0–9.5 %. Improving the wheat grain quality is one of the challenges facing Ukraine today. Ukraine has a high position in the global grain market: its share in wheat exports averages 5 %. Purpose. To estimate the yield and biochemical parameters of grain quality of soft winter wheat at the current stage. Methods. Field trials were conducted according to the B. A. Dospekhov’s methodology of field experience. Agricultural technology of winter wheat cultivation is generally accepted for the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Accounting the yield was carried out according to the methodology of state variety testing the agricultural crops. The protein content in the grain was determined by infrared spectrometry and the Kjeldahl method. The level of protein sedimentation was determined by the SDS 30 method. Results. When comparing the obtained data on yield in the collection, it was found that modern domestic and foreign varieties (I, II, III group) in the optimal conditions of growing season had an average yield of 103–107 % higher than varieties of early stages of breeding. The soft winter wheat varieties developed by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation are the leaders in terms of yield. Foreign varieties are not sufficiently adapted to local weather conditions, which significantly affects the realisation of yield potential. As a result of the negative correlation between yield and grain quality, with each stage of breeding, including in modern varieties, grain protein content decreases by 0.5–1.5 % along with yield growth. In terms of sedimentation level, the varieties of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation prevail over the varieties of the early stages of breeding. The group of varieties of Ukrainian breeding has a great diversity in terms of sedimentation level. Foreign varieties have rather low sedimentation rates. The realisation of the genetic potential of grain yield and quality of the studied varieties depended on weather conditions and doses of mineral fertilisers. Conclusions. Given the negative correlation between yield and grain quality, the significant success of breeding in increasing the yield of Ukrainian and foreign varieties was accompanied by decreasing protein content at each stage of breeding by 0.5–1.5 %. Compared to the varieties of the early stages of breeding, the SDS-30 sedimentation index was the highest only in the varieties of Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation, while domestic varieties of other research institutions were slightly inferior to the varieties of the early stages of breeding. The group of foreign varieties had the lowest sedimentation index. In addition to the genetic factor, such factors as weather conditions and rates of mineral nutrition have a great influence on the formation of grain yield and quality.

Key words: wheat yield, wheat adaptability, grain protein content, sedimentation, fertilizers, biochemical parameters

UDC 633.14.«324»:631.5:581.132.2 (251.1) (1-17)          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0269       

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 138–145.

Solodushko М. М., Bezsusidnia Yu. V.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Today, studying the influence of agrotechnical methods on the photosynthetic activity of plants and the grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties, depending on the predecessors, sowing dates and mineral nutrition, allows to achieve full biological potential of plants and determine the optimal technological parameters for increasing grain yield in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Purpose. To conduct investigations on the peculiarities of photosynthetic activity of modern winter rye varieties depending on their predecessors against the background of different sowing dates and the mineral nutrition content in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. Materials and Methods. In 2018–2021, the research was conducted on the basis of the Experimental Farm "Dnipro" of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. There were four factors in the experiment. The winter rye varieties Pamiat Khudoierka and Stoir were sown after sunflower and spring barley in the early (5–10 September), optimal (20–25 September) and late (5–10 October) dates. Results. Winter rye, sown after spring barley, had a larger leaf area, leaf index and higher values of photosynthetic potential compared to the experimental variants where this crop was sown after sunflower. The maximum values of these parameters were observed in plants of different varieties when sown on 20–25 September with N₄₅ applied on frozen-thawed soil after both predecessors. Over the years of research, annual average values of leaf area in the heading stage of plants grown after stubble predecessor for Pamiat Khudoierka variety were 50.4 thousand m²/ha, Stoir variety – 52.9 thousand m²/ha, and after sunflower – 46.6 and 48.5 thousand m²/ha, respectively. These variants also had the highest photosynthetic potential of the crop, which was 2.59 and 2.76 million m²-days/ha in Pamiat Khudoierka and Stoir varieties grown after spring barley, and 2.40 and 2.52 million m²-days/ha after sunflower, respectively. According to our research results, it was found that the highest yield of Stoir variety was obtained by sowing winter rye after spring barley and sunflower in the most optimal date, namely 20–25 September, and applying nitrogen at the rate of 45 kg a.i./ha in early spring, which was, depending on the predecessor, 6.47 and 5.03 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. Therefore, according to the results of the conducted research, it was found that the maximum leaf surface area (52.9 thousand m2/ha), leaf index (5.3) and photosynthetic potential (2.76 million m²-days/ha) were formed by Stoir variety at sowing on 20–25 September after spring barley and nitrogen fertilisation of 45 kg a.i./ha in early spring on frozen-thawed soil. In addition, the maximum yield level of Stoir variety was achieved under such conditions after spring barley and sunflower, which was 6.47 and 5.03 t/ha, respectively.

Key words:winter rye, variety, predecessor, sowing date, photosynthetic activity of plants, leaf area, photosynthetic potential of crops, yield

UDС 633.15: 631.81.095.337: 631.816.35      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0270

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 146–152.

V. H. Moldovan, Zh. A. Moldovan

Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture Podillia of NAAS, Samchyky village, Khmelnytskyi district, Khmelnytskyi region, 31182, Ukraine.

Topicality. Maize requires not only macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also micronutrients such as Cu, Mo, Mn, Co, Zn, B, etc. for optimal development. In maize cultivation technologies, the effectiveness of micronutrient fertilisers is quite high, regardless of the application method (pre-sowing seed treatment or foliar feeding). Among the micronutrients, zinc is especially important in plant life, as its deficiency leads to a growth slowdown due to reduced internodes, reduced ear grain content or lack of ear setting. Purpose. To study the effectiveness of applying zinc in the form of a highly concentrated liquid fertiliser for foliar feeding maize and its impact on plant growth and development, leaf area formation, individual productivity, and grain yield in the Western Forest-Steppe. Materials and Methods. In a two-factor experiment, early-ripening DN Aton and mid-early DN Astra maize hybrids were studied; highly concentrated liquid zinc fertilizer Chimic Zinc was applied to spray crops in the 5–6 and 8–9 leaf stages.
Results. It was established that the linear dimensions of plants are determined by the genetic characteristics of hybrids and significantly depend on their maturity group and mineral nutrition. In particular, the plant height of the early-ripening hybrid DN Aton in the tasseling stage was 200.0 cm and of the mid-early hybrid DN Astra – 210.7 cm in the control, while it increased to 225.1 and 238.3 cm, respectively, due to two-time zinc feeding. The leaf surface area of the early-ripening hybrid DN Aton increased from 31.57 to 34.67 thousand m²/ha, in the mid-early hybrid DN Astra – from 33.59 to 36.99 thousand m²/ha. Variation in the number of productive ears and yield structure indicators by experimental variants certainly influenced the formation of grain yield. Maize yield increased by 0.72 t/ha (8.2 %) in the early ripening hybrid DN Aton and by 0.78 t/ha (8.6 %) in the mid-early hybrid DN Astra compared to the control due to the zinc application for foliar feeding of maize in the 5–6 and 8–9 leaf stages. Conclusions. Foliar feeding maize in stages of 5–6 and 8–9 leaves with highly concentrated liquid zinc fertilizer Chimic Zinc has a positive effect on the plant growth and development, the formation of leaf surface area and photosynthetic potential, increases in the number of productive ears per 100 plants, improves indicators of yield structure elements, which contributes to higher grain yield.

Key words: maize, hybrid, development stage, feeding, leaf surface area, individual productivity, yield

UDC 631.816.11:633.11           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0271

Grain Crops. 2023.7(1). 153–161.

Popov S. I., Hutianskyi R. A., Kuzmenko N. V., Avramenko S. V. 

Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, 142 Heroiv Kharkova Ave., Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61060

Topicality. For agricultural enterprises that implement intensive technologies, the issue of efficient utilisation of nutrients from organic and mineral fertilisers, depending on nutrient content in the soil, is relevant. At present, the high probability of a shortfall in the forecasted yields in most farms is caused by a significant difference between the required and actual dose of fertiliser application. In this regard, the issue of optimising the fertiliser application in winter wheat cultivation is becoming a priority. Given the current understanding of this issue, we should investigate the impact of manure, complete mineral fertilisation and nitrogen feeding on soil fertility and grain yields, depending on the crop placement in the crop rotation.
Purpose. To determine the impact of long-term application of different fertilisation systems on soil fertility and yield formation patterns of modern winter wheat varieties. Methods. Field, measuring and weighting, and statistical methods were used. Results. Over 30 years of research in the variants with the basal application of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ and N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ on the background of manure, it was found that the content of exchangeable potassium (16.4–17.9 mg/100 g of soil) and mobile phosphorus (18.9–20.2 mg) in the soil corresponded to a high and very high level, and easily hydrolysed nitrogen (16.3–17.6 mg) – to a low and average level. In 2004–2021, on average, on an organic background with additional application of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀, the increase in grain yield after black fallow was 0.38 and 0.66 t/ha, and after peas – 0.52 and 1.07 t/ha, respectively. Nitrogen feeding in rates of N₂₀, N₄₀ and N₆₀ on the non-fertilised background after black fallow provided an increase in grain yield of 12.0–16.6 %, and on the background of manure with N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ – 28.6–36.4 %. After peas for grain as a predecessor, the increase in grain yield was 9.1–19.9 % and 37.6–47.7 %, respectively. When fertilising crops on an non-fertilised background, the highest payback of nitrogen fertilisers on grain was from 15.3 to 34.5 kg of grain per 1 kg of nitrogen. On the background of manure with N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀, the payback of 1 kg of NPK on grain, depending on the predecessor, was 8.3–9.2 kg. Conclusions. In 1991–2001, soil fertility was preserved and improved by maintaining crop rotation against the background of systematic organic-mineral fertilisation. High winter wheat yield after black fallow is possible to obtain by following a scientific-based crop rotation, and after peas – by using an organic-mineral fertilisation system.

Key words: crop rotation, soil fertility, nutritional background, nitrogen feeding, yield, efficiency, payback

UDC 631.95:631.8/821.1:633.15/633.34:631.445.21           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0272

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 162–169.

Polovyi V. M., Yashchenko L. A., Rovna H. F., Huk B. V. 

Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia NAAS, 5 Rivnenska St., Shubkiv village, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Topicality. Today, the search for ways to accumulate organic carbon and restore soil fertility, as well as increase crop yield, is a topical issue for the sod-podzolic soils of Western Polissia. Purpose. To determine the intensity of CO₂ emission and the organic carbon balance on sod-podzolic soil at different fertilizer rates in the maize-soybean link against the background of chemical amelioration with incorporation of by-products. Methods. We used such methods as a stationary field trial, comparative and calculation method to determine the accumulated and emitted CO₂ by plants, analytical and calculation methods to determine the organic carbon balance. Results. The CO₂ emissions from organic matter mineralization amounted to 5.01–5.45 t/ha by the recommended fertilizer rate and calculated by the normative method on the background of dolomite and limestone powder, which was 23.4–34.2 % higher than the control (without fertilizers). The CO₂ emission into the atmosphere through plant mass mineralization, depending on fertilization and chemical amelioration, was in the range of 18.6–24.7 t/ha and exceeded the control (without fertilizers) and the background of 1.0 Hh (hydrolytic acidity) CaMg(CO₃)₂ by 1.2–2.0 times, which is associated with improved soil conditions, higher by-products mass and CO₂ accumulation by plants. The highest amount of CO₂ was accumulated by maize (64.8–65.0 t/ha) and soybean (15.0–15.8 t/ha) at combination of the fertilizer rate calculated by the normative method with microfertilizers on the background of dolomite flour. The application of calculated fertilizer rates on the background of 1.0 Hh CaMg(CO₃)₂ provided an advantage in the formation of organic carbon in the soil, which formed a positive balance of 0.12 and 0.15 t/ha. In the variant without fertilizers and chemical amelioration, the ratio of total CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere per 1 t of grain yield in the maize-soybean link was 4.65 and 4.62 units, while the application of the fertilizer rate calculated by the normative method against the background of 1.0 Hh CaMg(CO₃)₂ decreased to 3.78 and 3.89 units, respectively. Conclusions. For increasing the maize and soybean productivity on sod-podzolic loamy sandy soil, incorporation of plant mass into the soil with applying the fertiliser rates calculated by the standard method against the background of 1.0 Nh CaMg(CO3)2 is an effective method to control soil degradation that ensures the inclusion of additional organic carbon into the cycle, which is aimed at its fixation by forming a deficit-free balance of 0.12 and 0.15 t/ha.

Key words: emission, organic carbon, productivity, fertilization, land amelioration, plant mass

UDC 633.111.1/631.582          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0273 

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 170–177.

Tkachuk О. P.

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3  Soniachna Str., 3, Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine.

Topicality. Winter wheat is the leading grain and food crop in Ukraine, which is often grown without considering requirements for its predecessors. This crop is widely used in short-term crop rotations, in which there are a number of problems arise in obtaining a high and stable winter wheat yield after non-traditional predecessors. Purpose. To determine the winter wheat yield in specialised fodder short-term crop rotation after the non-traditional predecessors for small farms. Methods. In 2018–2021, field trials were conducted in the Vinnytsia region on leached medium loam chernozems with a humus content of 4.2 %. Winter wheat was sown after three predecessors: fodder beet, pumpkin and potato. Results. The longest period from harvesting potato to sowing winter wheat was 49 days. After harvesting the pumpkin, 16 days remained before sowing winter wheat. The shortest period from harvesting fodder beet to sowing winter wheat was 6 days. The plant density of winter wheat after the potato was by 12.0 % higher than after the pumpkin and by 17.7 % higher than after the fodder beet. During the spring regrowth, the highest plant density of winter wheat was observed after the potato, which was 11.9 % more than after the pumpkin and 18.4 % more than after the fodder beet. At the end of the growing season, the highest number of productive stems was formed by winter wheat plants after the potato –773 pcs/m², after fodder beet – by 7.8 % less productive stems, and after the pumpkin – by 42.2 % less than after potato. Conclusions. The highest actual grain yield of winter wheat grown after potato amounted to 7.63 t/ha. After fodder beet, the winter wheat yield was 11.3 % lower than after potato and amounted to 6.77 t/ha. The winter wheat yield after the pumpkin was 40.6 % lower than after potato and 33.1 % lower than after fodder beet.

Key words: winter wheat, yield, predecessors, fodder beets, pumpkins, potatoes

UDC 631.51:631.432.631.417.2       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0274

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 178–183.

Furmanets M. H.¹, Furmanets Yu. S.¹, Furmanets I. Yu.².

¹Institute of Agriculture of the Western Polissia of NAAS, 5 Rivnenska St., Shubkiv village, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

² Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 1 Universitetska St., Lviv, 79000, Ukraine

Topicality. Modern agricultural systems have an ambiguous effect on the humus condition of soils. The urgent task is to restore and preserve the fertility of the dark grey podzolic soil and increase the organic matter content in the agricultural system. Purpose. To determine changes in the humus condition of dark grey podzolic soil under sunflower under different tillage and fertilisation systems using crop rotation by-products. Materials and methods. In the long-term stationary experiment, the following tillage systems were used: ploughing at a depth of 25–27 cm, disking at 15–17 cm and disking at 10–12 cm. Ploughing under sunflower was carried out with plough PLN-3-35, disking – disc harrow AG-2.4-20. The fertilisation systems were as follows: 1) no by-products; 2) by-products; 3) N₁₀ (ammonium nitrate) per 1 tonne of by-products. The humus content in the soil was determined according to the I.V. Tyurin’s method, the group composition of humus – according to method of M. M. Kononova and N. P. Bielchikova. Results. It was established that the highest humus content in the 0–20 cm layer of the soil under sunflower was 2.09 % for the variant with disking at a depth of 15–17 cm using by-products. On dark grey podzolic soil, humus accumulation is enhanced by disking at 15–17 cm and fertilisation with by-products and N₁₀, which is accompanied by characteristic changes such as an increase in the total content of humic acids and non-hydrolysed residue in the humus group composition. The highest content of humic acids was 0.29–0.34 % in the plots with moldboardless tillage under different fertilisation systems. The lowest content of this important humus fraction was 0.23–0.25 % in the variant with different depth ploughing. In the variants with disking to a depth of 15–17 cm and 10–12 cm when using by-products with N10, the highest values of the ratio between carbon in humic acids and carbon in fulvic acids were 1.26 and 1.27, respectively. Conclusions. Application of moldboardless tillage, disking at a depth of 15–17 cm and fertilisation system with by-products + N₁₀ contribute to the recovery of dark grey podzolic soil fertility and improvement of its humus condition. In Western Polissia of Ukraine, it is recommended to carry out disking at a depth of 15–17 cm with the use N₁₀ per 1 ton of by-products in the fertilisation system for sunflower cultivation.

Key words: humus, dark grey podzolicsoil, fertilization system, humic acids, fulvic acids

UDC  631.81:633.11«324»:631.5             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0275

 Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 184–189.

Yuvchyk N.O.

Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia of NAAS, 5 Rivnenska St., Shubkiv, Rivne district, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Topicality. Increasing the productivity of crop photosynthesis, i.e. the amount of organic matter synthesised per unit of leaf surface in a day, is an essential condition for high crop yields. The area of the leaf surface depends on the biometric parameters of the plant, the nutritional regime, as well as the duration of leaf activity, which significantly affects the accumulation of organic matter. Purpose. To identify the influence of mineral nutrition optimization and chemical amelioration on the formation of leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, and net photosynthetic productivity in the main development stages of winter wheat grown on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Western Polissia. Methods. Field experiment, calculation and statistical methods. Results. In particular, with the application of dolomite powder at a dose of 1.0 Hh and different fertilisation variants, the leaf surface area of plants increased from 1.5 ths. m²/ha to 4.12–6.99 ths. m²/ha in the tillering stage, from 4.07 ths. m²/ha to 14.16–21.34 ths. m²/ha in the stem elongation stage, and from 2.59 ths. m²/ha to 5.33–9.49 ths. m²/ha in the heading stage, respectively, compared to the control (without fertilisation). It is noted over the years of research that the application of mineral fertilisers on the background of liming increased the indicator of photosynthetic potential by 2.6–3.5 times compared to non-fertilised one, and the net productivity of photosynthesis increased by 15.4–21.3 % compared to the control. Conclusions. The largest indicators of leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, and net photosynthetic productivity in the tillering, stem elongation and heading stages were formed by application of N₁₅₀Р₅₀К₁₂₅ + S₄₀ + microfertilizer (two applications). The highest photosynthetic activity of winter wheat plants were noted in the stem elongation stage.

Key words: winter wheat, fertilization, amelioration, leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthetic productivity

UDC 631.581.1: 631.582.5               https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0276

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 190–196. 

Serhieiev L. A., Kohut I. M., Melnуk O. T., Pochkolina S. V.

Odesa State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine. 24 Maiatska road St., Khlibodarske village, Odesa district, Odesa region, 67667, Ukraine 

Topicality. In the current agricultural environment, there is a trend towards simplification of tillage, wrong crop rotation sequences, narrowing of specialisation of most agricultural enterprises, and therefore the role of the predecessor and tillage systems as one of the least costly ways to optimise winter crop cultivation will only increase. For this reason, the development and research of various schemes of primary tillage on the background of short-term crop rotation will continue to be a topical issue and will always be subject to scientific and practical interest. Purpose. Our research aimed to development of environmental friendly technologies for competitive production of high-quality crop production in the Black Sea Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The field method was the main method, which was supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations and observations in accordance with generally accepted methods and guidelines in agriculture and crop production. In the experiment, the systems of crop rotations and primary tillage were studied. Results. The influence of different systems of primary tillage on the winter wheat yield in short-term crop rotation was studied. It was found that in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, the moldboardless tillage created the best conditions for the formation of winter wheat yield in the 1st, 2nd and 4th crops. The highest yields were in all experimental variants after such predecessors as black fallow and green manure fallow with winter vetch. Conclusions. For all experimental variants, the best results in terms of yield were observed after black fallow and green manure fallow with winter vetch in the 1st and 4th crops. In the 2nd crop, green manure fallow with winter vetch had an advantage of 4.9 % compared to black fallow. In winter wheat, a positive effect on the formation of yields was manifested by moldboardless tillage.

Key words: crop rotation, predecessors, primary tillage system, yield, winter wheat

UDC 631.51.631.813            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0277

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 197–204.

Kyryliuk V. P. 

Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture Podillia of NAAS,
1 Samchyky St., Samchyky village, Starokostiantyniv district, Khmelnytskyi region, 31182, Ukraine

Topicality. The study of the long-term use of different primary tillage systems will allow us to identify, and consequently predict, possible impacts on production from their use. Purpose. To study the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on weed infestation of fields. Methods. The research was conducted in a ten-field crop rotation of the stationary experiment in 1989–2000, five-field in 2001–2008, four-field in 2009–2016, and four-field in 2017–2022 at the Khmelnytskyi State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillia. In the first (1989–2000) and second (2001–2008) periods, seven systems of primary tillage were studied, including1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) combined system 1 – surface disking under winter crops after annual crops, moldboard tillage for sugar beet, chisel tillage for all other crops; 4) combined system 2 – surface disking for winter crops after annual crops, chisel tillage for sugar beet, moldboard tillage for all other crops; 5) subsurface tillage for all crops; 6) variable-depth ploughing for all crops; 7) surface tillage – surface disking for all crops. Five systems were studied in the third (2009–2016) and fourth (2017–2022) periods: 1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) subsurface tillage for all crops; 4) disk tillage for all crops; 5) minimum tillage – shallow disk tillage for all crops, and since 2020 – differentiated tillage, which includes moldboard and moldboardless tillage in crop rotation. The crop cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone, with the exception of the studied variants of the primary tillage systems. Results. The results of studies of the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on the quantitative and species composition of the weed component of agrocenosis are presented. It was found that the most favourable phytosanitary condition for all crops was observed under the moldboard system, which resulted in the lowest weed infestation, the chisel system being the closest to it. In all moldboardless systems, the number of weeds was 38–110 % higher than in the moldboard system, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 6–31 %. Conclusions. As a result of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage, it was found that the best phytosanitary condition for all agrocenosis was in the moldboard system, which was characterised by the lowest number and weight of weeds, the closest to it was the chisel system. In general, the number of weeds in moldboardless systems was 38–110 % higher than in moldboard systems, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 12–29 %. During 33 years, the field agrocenosis was purified from weeds due to all systems of primary tillage with a decrease in the number of weeds by 53–71 %, their vegetative air-dry mass by 52–70 %, and the number of species by 33–58 %, with the simultaneous formation of a small group of resistant species that are present in agrocenosis permanently in all systems.

Key words: moldboard tillage, chisel tillage, subsurface tillage, disking, weeds

UDC  631.41                 https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0278

Grain Crops. 2023. 7(1). 205–211.

Kramariov S. M., Bandura L. P.  

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhiy Yefremov St.,Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

Topicality.  Currently, there is an urgent need to address the following challenges: loss of soil humus content, deterioration of soil agrophysical properties, reduction of the impact of soil agrophysical degradation, restoration and preservation of fertility. Purpose. Comparison of agrophysical parameters and humus content in the soil of virgin and arable lands and development of scientific recommendations on the formation of favourable agrophysical properties and regimes of chernozems to suspend the development of degradation processes in the soil and preserve fertility. Material and Methods. The study of ordinary chernozem was carried out in the virgin lands and experimental plots of the Erastivka Research Station of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine during 2010-2016. We studied: total humus content; structural and aggregate composition of the soil; soil structure coefficient; soil density; water resistance of agronomically valuable structural aggregates. In May, soil samples were selected at equilibrium density after mechanical tillage. Sampling was carried out from the soil profile at intervals of 5 cm, to a depth of 0-200 cm in quadruplicate according to DSTU 4287. Results. It was found that deterioration of agrophysical properties (structural and aggregate state, density, water resistance) and reduction of humus content and thickness in the humus horizon in comparison with virgin soil occurred as a result of long-term cultivation of ordinary chernozem. Conclusions. When comparing the properties of ordinary chernozem of arable land with virgin soil, we find that they are significantly degraded. Significant loss of humus and structure degradation leads to an increasing soil density and a partial loss of the ability to resist degradation. To preserve and sustainably use arable chernozems, an improved farming system should be implemented, with scientifically based crop rotations, the latest soil protection technologies, and the proper amount of organic and mineral fertilisers to increase the humus content as its main components.

Key words: ordinary chernozem, soil degradation, humus content, structural and aggregate state, density, water resistance