Grain Crops.-2019.-Vol. 3.- №2
Selection
Productivity and adaptive abilities of corn hybrids under different irriga-tion modes and moisture supply in the Arid Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Productivity and adaptive abilities of corn hybrids under different irriga-tion modes and moisture supply in the Arid Steppe of Ukraine UDC 633.15:631.527 Lavrynenko Yu. O., Ivanyv M. O. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2).207–216. 1Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, NAAS of Ukraine, Naddniprianske village, Kherson, 73483, Ukraine 2 Kherson State Agrarian University, 23, Strytenska Str., Kherson, 73000, Ukraine The results of economic and energy analysis on the effectiveness of 5-crop rotation, basic tillage and mineral fertilizers are presented. The detailed dynamics of profitability, cost, profitability and energy balance in systems of different intensity and productivity are shown. Increasing the economic efficiencyof basic tillage and fertilization in crop rotation does not always coincide with environmental concerns about soil conservation and reduced energy costs for production. Thanks to high grain productivity and market value of grain producy the most cost-effective winter wheat, corn for grain and sunflower (165,2–245,2 %). Estimation of economic efficiency of the methods of basic tillage and application of mineral fertilizers shows the significant influence of the technological factors on the basic economic indicators. Due to the favorable effect of plowing on crop yields of crop rotation, this method of cultivation provided the highest profitability of production in the crop range of 20.7–245.2%. The use of mineral fertilizers was accompanied by a decrease in the profitability of cereals, but at the same time helped to increase the profitability of the products obtained. It is proved that in modern agriculture the energy estimation of the consumed and acquired resources opens up the opportunity to for man objective idea of the value of each agricultural reception and to adjust them on monetary mechanisms of grain production. From the point of view of energy saturation of agricultural technologies, fuel and mineral fertilizers, which make up to 60% in the structure of energy costs, occupy a decisive position. However, the decisive factor in energy efficiency remains the level of grain yield and the energy potential accumulated in it. A promising area of research in the agrocenotic energy balance is alienation control and return of the energy substratet of the soil. Keywords: corn,hybrid, irrigation, adaptability, drought resistance, grain, selection.
| PDF 207-216 |
Incompatibility of selective material of winter rye at self-plane plants | Annotation Incompatibility of selective material of winter rye at self-plane plants UDC 631.527.633.14 Mazur Z. O.1,2, Nikolayka V. P.1 Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (2). 217–225. 1Uman national university pedagogical named after Pavel Tychyna, ul. Garden, 2, Uman, Cherkasy region, 20300, Ukraine 2Verkhnyatskaya experimental-breeding station Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS, 14, Peace Str., uts. Verkhnyachka, Khrystynivsky district, Cherkasy region, 20022, Ukraine
The rapid introduction to breeding of modern methods of biotechnology and genetic engineering does not exclude the traditional approaches of creation of high-performance hybrids. But achieving the maximum performance of heterosis hybrids is hindered by a number of factors, among which the lack of homogeneity of the components of cross-breeding for alternative genes controlling the major economic-valuable traits. Rye (Secale L.) has no absolute self-fertility, but self-fertility is 1–2% when isolating some spikelets. Studies have shown that self-fertility in rye is a recessive sign. Through selection, we can achieve its manifestation and consolidate it in following generations. If the initial variety had only 1.3–3.5% of the spikelets in which the seeds were tied in isolation, then after three generations of inbreeding, they were already 77.36%. Recent years' research has made it possible to formulate a new approach to the creation of raw material for hybrid rye breeding. It is based on the method of inbreeding, when the mechanism of action of genes of self-incompatibility with genes of self-fertility is blocked in advance. Thus, self-incompatibility is completely replaced by self-fertility genes. Determine the variation of the trait: plant height and self-fertile variety of winter rye varieties of different origins to create heterozygous hybrids from homozygous self-fertile lines. The conducted researches with selection hybrid material of winter rye (Secale cereale) showed a sharp decrease in the height of plants in all inbred lines (I1– I3). A small difference in the third generation by the mean value of plant height indicates that inbound inbred lines have come inbound minimum. The average level of self-fertility in most of the studied populations was quite low and ranged from 27,2 to 55,0 %. In seven sorts of specimens, high mean values of self-fertility were obtained, which ranged from 69,3 to 93,0 %, which indicates that genotypes of these sorts of specimens involved lines with the genes of self-fertility and on their basis were created highly self-fertile hybrid combinations. In addition, the influence of modified growing conditions on planting of seeds with self-pollination and sorts of specimens with the same genotypes, which in different years of the study belong to different classes of self-fertility Kharkiv 98 / Pallada (І2–95% to І3–63 %), Cluh / Primitive (І2–89,0 % to І3–69,3 %), Hamarka / (Kharkiv 95 / Pallada) (І2 –75% to І3 –52%). Plants with low self-fertility (3,5–35,0%) give in the offspring weakly self-fertile or completely self-sterile plants. The obtained data are the basis for the continuation of breeding work on the creation of self-fertile lines of winter rye at Verkhnyatsky experimental and breeding stations. Key words: rye on winter, plant height, self-ferment lines, self-sterility, grazing, lines.
| PDF 217-225 |
Seed production
Features of storage of seeds of maize hybrids | Annotation Features of storage of seeds of maize hybrids UDC 633.15:631.563 Kirpa N. Ya., Bazileva Yu. S. Loy O. Yu. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 226–232. SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences,14, Volodymyra Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine
The peculiarities of seed storage of maize hybrids of different botanical groups (toothlike, flinty, sugary, delusional) were investigated. The technical and technological factors that extend their economic life up to 3–5 years and more are revealed. This low moisture content of the grain (2–4% lower than standard), storage in a sealed container (polyethylene), selection for storage of large fractions (within the fractional composition for each hybrid). For the first time the effect of size (fraction) on the biological longevity of seeds of hybrids, depending on the duration of its storage, was established – the most noticeable influence of this factor was manifested in relation to sugar hybrids. The economic longevity of hybrid seeds has been determined. Its greatest duration is the seeds of siliceous and dilute hybrids, the smaller – sugar. It has been found that biological longevity is a high-quality trait and depends on the genotype. The purpose of the work is to investigate the viability of seeds of corn hybrids (tooth-like, flinty, sugary, scaly) as storage objects, to establish the technical and technological indicators that ensure the long-term storage of seed material. The seeds of hybrids with moisture content of 13–14; 10–11; 7–8%, which were stored in paper and polyethylene, and their sowing fractions (by seed size) were studied: the first – relatively large, the second – medium, the third – small. In order to evaluate the quality of the seed, its laboratory and field germination and yield were determined according to current methods. When storing the seeds of corn hybrids under tight conditions, in plastic bags, the moisture content in it remained almost unchanged. But its sowing and yielding properties underwent changes – 10–11% and 7–8%, and 13–14%, respectively, were positive in moisture. The factors that extend its shelf life include: low moisture content (2–4% below standard), tight conditions, increased size (within fractional composition). When combined with all these factors, the viability of the seeds with a germination rate of at least 92% was 3–5 years and more dependent on the botanical group of the hybrid. The effect of chemical treatment (etching) during the long storage of the seed material was investigated, and it was found that it was advisable to carry it out immediately before sowing. Keywords: corn, hybrids, storage, durability, seed quality, chemical treatment.
| PDF 226-232 |
Standardization and metrology
The new standard for wheat grain: features of development and application | Annotation The new standard for wheat grain: features of development and application UDC 006:006.015.5:005.935.3:006.015.8:633.11
Kirpa N. Ya., Lupitko O. I., Morhun O. V. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 233–239. SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine A new standard DSTU 3768: 2019 "Wheat. Technical conditions" has been developed, which is mandatory for use in various fields of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and selling grain of this crop. Compared with the previous one (DSTU 3768: 2010), it differs in that the number of classes of soft wheat is reduced to four classes. In addition, it includes new quality indicators and methods for its determination, as well as links to existing rules, instructions, and norms. The new standard is close to international regulatory documents in terms of harmonization with the food safety requirements of wheat grains. The standard is mandatory since June 10, 2019. The purpose of the work is to analyze the previous standards for wheat grain, to determine its structure of cultivation by classes, to develop a new standard depending on the requirements of the internal and external markets of grain. The analysis included national standards (DSTU), interstate (GOST), international (ISO, FAO, EN), which concerned wheat grain quality [2–11]. The structure of wheat cultivation was established according to grain quality classes according to data of the State Register of Enterprises for the period 2014–2018. Specialists of different fields of cultivation, harvesting, storage, processing and export of wheat grain crop were involved in the development of the standard. In the process of development, discussions and decisions were made on the basis of the technical committee TC 170 “Cereals and products of their processing” according to the standardization provision. New DSTU Standard 3768: 2019 “Wheat. Specifications ”, which became effective on June 10, 2019 in all areas of production and movement of grain – at the stage of growing and harvesting from farms, processing, storage and sale of finished products. The new standard made the following major changes compared to the previous DSTU 3768: 2010 “Wheat. Specifications": - reduced number of classes for soft wheat grain; - increased quality of grain (nature, number of falls, the content of harmful impurities, fusarium grains); - for the first time normalized non-classifying indicators – content of grains damaged by bug bug, force of flour; - introduced a new technique for the determination of particulate grains by microscopy; - reference is made to the applicable standards, rules, new standards of the DSTU, ISO and EN group. The new standard is based on grain quality indices according to which wheat is divided into four classes of soft wheat, with five grades remaining for solid. Wheat grade 1-3 is used for food (mainly in the milling and baking industries) and for export. Grade 4 wheat is used for food and non-food uses and for export. At the request of the customer, soft and durum wheat grain can be determined by other non-class quality indicators: content of grains damaged by bug bugs, alveograph flour strength, sedimentation index, etc., according to current procedures. The development of the standard was carried out by the relevant committee of TC 170 "Cereals and their processed products", scientific support was provided by the IZK NAAN DU. Due to the implementation, a significant technical and economic effect is achieved – the placement, storage and processing of grain lots in the domestic market, as well as export to foreign markets, is facilitated. Key words: standard for wheat grain, division into classes, quality indicators, methods, food safety, environmental protection. | PDF 233-239 |
Measurement control system in agricultural laboratories: implementation problems and its efficiency | Annotation Measurement control system in agricultural laboratories: implementation problems and its efficiency UDC 631.249.9 bandyrska O. V. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 240–250. Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian egion of NAAS, 5Grushevskogo str., p. Obroshine Pustomitivskiy district of Lviv region,81115, Ukraine
The most common problems of implementation of the measurement management system in the laboratories of agrarian subordination are described, the ways of solving the issue for making the decision on obtaining the authorization.Psychological moments of selection of the personnel are analyzed, the efficiency of implementation of the measurement control system is estimated. The article should encourage managers of agricultural laboratories of different ownership to develop documentation in accordance with the requirements of DSTU ISO 10012: 2005 "Measurement manage on document are specified, the requirements for documentation are clearly stated. emend systems. Requirements for Measurement Processes and Measuring Equipment »to increase the efficiency of operations and the prospect of selling services in the international market. Points of documentation that must be worked out in accordance with the requirements of normative documents in relation to presentation to the authorized organ from the estimation of accordance of control system measuring in laboratories described in detail. Indicated where are what interesting moments in relation to the choice of normative documents for the evaluation of control system measuring in accordance with made decision by the leader of structural subdivision or organization. The article gives sufficient information on a decision-making by a leader in development of documentation in relation to control system measuring and allows beforehand to forecast charges, analyze and educe and also estimate necessary resources for the effective evaluation of such system. Keywords: quality, measurement management system, standard, efficiency and effectiveness of the system, agrarian laboratory, certificate ofrecognition, quality guidance.
| PDF 240-250 |
Plant growing
Content and consumption of soluble carbohydrates in plants of different winter wheat varieties depending on the sowing time in the northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Content and consumption of soluble carbohydrates in plants of different winter wheat varieties depending on the sowing time in the northern Steppe of Ukraine UDC 633.11«324»:581.134(251.1)(1-17) Astakhova Ya. V., Gasanova I. I., Solodushko M. M. Grain Crops, 2019. 3 (2). 251–257. SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine
According to research conducted at the SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences in the Northern Steppe conditions it was found, that at the time of the termination of autumn vegetation a large amount of soluble carbohydrates in the leaves of plants, regardless of its forecrop, was accumulated in common winter wheat varieties Lastivka Odes’ka and Golubka Odes’ka, compared to the durum wheat (variety Burshtyn). Thus, at the variety Lastivka Odes’ka for the time of the termination of autumn vegetation their content at growing in the bare fallow depending on the sowing time was 26,4–27,7 %, at the variety Golubka Odes’ka – 27,0–28,7 %, and at the wheat durum Burshtyn – only 21,5–22,2%. At growing after the spring barley, similar values of common wheat varieties were 21,5–25,6 and 22,9–25,9 %, respectively, and values of durum wheat were 18,9–19,3 %. In the tillering nodules the total content of soluble carbohydrates was much higher than in the leaves, but both in the bare fallow and after the spring barley little depended from the varieties. Thus, according to the fallow forecrop the amount of sugars in the tillering nodes of plantis of variety Lastivka Odes’ka depending on the sowing time was 37,0–39,7 %, at the variety Golubka Odes’ka – 36,2–41,4 and at the variety Burshtyn – 34,3–36,3%, after the stubble forecrop according to the varieties – 35,4–36,4, 33,5–36,4 and 32,3–36,4%. It was found, that the formation of new shoots, nodal roots and leaves after the termination of the active autumn vegetation of winter cereal crops, due to the temperature regime, in the favorable weather days more intensively occurred in the crops of optimal and late sowing times, compared with the early sowing time. It testifies,that winter wheat plants at sowing times of September 22 and October 7 were in unstable dormant state and also lost more sugars. At winter wheat growing in the bare fallow the consumption of carbohydrates in the leaves of the crops of optimal and late sowing times, depending on the varieties, amounted to 36,3–51,4 % of the total amount of autumn, compared to 33,3–43,3 % during the early sowing time. At the same time, at the time of spring vegetation resumption, in crops of early sowing time, where the autumn winter wheat growth and development were better, due to disappearance due to winter damage of shoots and leaves, in some cases a decrease in vegetative mass was observed. Keywords: winter wheat, variety, plants, soluble carbohydrates, sowing time, predecessor.
| PDF 251-257 |
Different fertilizer systems impact to rice yield in drip irrigation conditions | Annotation Different fertilizer systems impact to rice yield in drip irrigation conditions UDC 631.8:633.18:631.674.6 Dudchenko K. V., Petrenko T. M., Flinta O. I., Datsuk M. M. Grain Crops, 2019, 3 (2). 258–266. Institute of Rice NAAN,11 Studencheskaya Str., p. Antonіvka, Skadovskiy district, Kherson region, 75705, Ukraine
A rice crop area in Ukraine was about 30 thousand ha before 2014 year. The value of this indicator decries to 10–12 thousand ha. The demand of rice groats increases. According to the existing technology of rice growing taking into account the requirements of environmental protection occurs in conditions of flooding and is possible only in rice irrigation systems. Under such conditions, increasing the volume of rice production is possible by increasing the sown area of culture. A constraining factor is the significant cost of building new rice irrigation systems. There is another way of resolving the problem – growing aerobic rice. Scientists from many countries of the World have studied the possibility of growing rice without flooding, mainly because of fresh water scarcity. Watering is carried out by sprinkling or drip irrigation. Using the technology of drip irrigation, rice can be grown in areas without any irrigation systems. The territory with different types of soils and relief can be used for rice growing if it is satisfaction on irrigation water source. Potential areas for rice growing in the south of Ukraine are about 255 thousand hectares, including 180 thousand hectares in Kherson region, 35 thousand hectares in Mykolaiv region, and 40 thousand hectares in Odessa region. Gross harvesting of rice can reach 850 thousand tons if crop rotation is saturated of rice no more than 50%. The share of domestic consumption will be 20 thousand tons, and 600 thousand tons can be exported. The rice growing technology in drip irrigation condition and its elements are to be developed for ensue this type of rice cultivation in Ukraine. The experiment which consist 3 factors: factor A rice varieties (Premium, Consul, Marshal), Factor B fertilizer types for nutrition (urea, ammonium nitrate), factor C fertilizer types and ways of their using was done for research the different fertilizer systems impact to rice yield in drip irrigation conditions. The experiment lot square is 42 m2. The research was done on Institute of rice territory. The drip irrigation system square is 35 ha. Cowing norm is 6 million grains/ha, with spacing 7,5 cm. An irrigation water source is closed irrigation system for sprinkler irrigation machine. Drop strips are located in 0,7 m. Rice irrigation norm is 10,9 thousand m3/ha. The nutrition was done by fertigation. Norm of nutrition was N30-40. The type of soil of research field is dark chestnut salinity soil. Humus content on the plowing layer is 2,2%. Ground water level is not more than 2 meter during a year. The research of rice fertilizer systems in drip irrigation shows the most effective nutritionfertilizer is urea, which ensures rice yield increase to 27%comparatively with ammonium nitrate. The highest values of rice yield of all tested variates were fixed on the variant №8 (before sowing 400 kg/ha of ammonium sulfate + simple superphosphate 100 kg/ha; with sowing sulfamofos 100 kg/ha) with nutrition of urea. The highest yield of Premium variety is 7,17 t/ha, Consul variety is 6,68 t/ha, Marshal variety is 8,16 t/ha. An indicator of productive bruising, an average on the research is of Premium variety 6,22, of Marshal variety 6,73, of Consul variety 7,87. The highest value of the indicator of straw:grain ratio of Premium rice variety is 1,48 with nutrition of urea. The highest value of the indicator of other tested rice varieties (Marshal – 0,89, Consul – 0,77) were observed with nutrition of ammonium nitrate. The most effective fertilizer system for rice varieties Premium, Consul, Marshal, from an economic point of view is variant № 5 – before sowing urea 174 kg/ha + sulfamofos100 kg/ha; with sowing simple superphosphate100 kg/ha) with nutrition of urea. The level of profitability of the variant is Premium variety 17,14 %, Consul variety – 14,62%, Marshal variety – 15,99%. Analysis of economic efficiency indicators evidences – if rice yield is less than 8,0 t/ha rice growing in drip irrigation conditions isn’t cost-effective. Key words: rice, fertilizer system, drip irrigation, economic efficiency.
| PDF 258-266 |
Survival rate of plants and grain productivity of buckwheat depending on agrotechnical measures of cultivation | Annotation Survival rate of plants and grain productivity of buckwheat depending on agrotechnical measures of cultivation UDC 633.12: 631.559: 631.5 TkalichI.D., GyrkaA. D., TkalichYu. I., BochevarO. V., SydorenkoYu. Ya. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 267–277. SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе
It is established that the harrowing of buckwheat crops with medium harrows can be carried out after seeding, on germinated seedlings and before budding stage. By correctly setting the harrowing time and their multiplicity, we can clean off the buckwheat crops from weeds by 77–90%, thereby increase the grain yield for almost 31%. Growing buckwheat with 45 cm space between the rows leads to an increase in grain yields compared to the 15 cm space between the rows, but the choice of sowing method must be made taking into account the possibilities of farms and their economic feasibility. The experiments were carried out at «Svitanok» LLC (Novomoskovs’kyi district, Dnipropetrovs’k region) during 2010–2012. The soil of the experimental plots – ordinary, middle loamy chernozem. The humus content in the arable layer varies from 4.0 to 4.2%. The gross content of nutrients in the arable layer of chernozem varies within the following limits: nitrogen – from 0.23 to 0.26%, phosphorus – from 0.11 to 0.16%, potassium – from 2.0 to 2.5%. The results of the research show that the growth and development of buckwheat plants largely depends on the density of their planting in the crop and placement on the area. Increasing the seeding rate from 2.5 to 5.0 million of germinated seeds/ha and expanding the row spacing from 15 to 45 cm reduces the area of nutrition, increases the density and uneven placement of plants in the row. This increases competition between plants, leads to a decrease in their survival during the growing season by 5.8–19.8 and 6.1–15.7%, respectively, and productivity. The overall survival of buckwheat depending on the timing of harrowing is: during the sprouting – 44,2–52,8%, in the stage of 1–2 leaves – 48,6–59,6%, budding – 51,2–63,6%, in stage of 1–2 leaves and budding – 43.2–50.0%. Narrowing of space between the rows within the same seeding rate increases the field germination of seeds and survival of plants by 3.4–4.5 and 2.4–2.9%, respectively, due to a more even distribution of them over the feeding area. Harrowing on germinated seedlings leads to a significant liquefaction of crops due to the uprooting, damaging and covering the plants with soil by the harrow teeth. The greatest loss of plants (27.4–35.6%) is observed during harrowing of BZSS-1 harrows on germinated seedlings, smaller (18.7–26.7%) – in phase of 1–2 leaves and the smallest (18.0–22, 4%) – at the beginning of budding stage. In the case of double harrowing of buckwheat in the phase of 1–2 leaves and at the beginning of budding, 32.7–45.3% of plants perished, which should be taken into account when established the seeding rate, depending on the number and terms of harrowing crops. With increasing seeding rate, weediness of buckwheat crops in both sowing methods is reduced by 1.5–3.4 times. Moreover, if such crops are harrowed before the emergence of seedlings, the number of weeds decreases by 1.5–1.9 times, if after – by 2.6–3.6 times. The positive effect of harrowing on the buckwheat yield depends on the seeding rate. Both sowing methods (seeding rate of 2.5–3.0 million germinated seeds/ha) yielded high grain yield (1.53–1.83 t/ha) during harrowing after sowing and in the phase of 1–2 leaves or budding, which depended on the time of the emergence of the weeds. Harrowing in these variants on germinated seedlings and in three terms caused considerable damage to the buckwheat plants, which is two years out of three, as a result – a decrease in grain yield by almost 26–31%. Three-time harrowing of sowing at 15 cm space between the rows before germination, in the phase of 1–2 leaves and budding, based on the sowing rate of 4 million germinated seeds/ha, provided a grain yield of 1.74 t/ha, almost the same as in the best variants in 45 cm space between the rows with a sowing rate of 2.5–3.0 million germinated seeds/ha (1.81–1.83 t/ha). Wide-row buckwheat crops produced the higher grain yields than cropswith 15 cm space between rows, only in the case of inter-row cultivation. On average, during the years of research, the exclusion of inter-row cultivations from growing system of wide-row crops has led to a decrease in grain yields compared to the narrow-row crop (seeding rate of 2.5–3.0 million germinated seeds/ha) by 0.20–0.21 t/ha.
Key words: buckwheat, harrowing, sowing methods, seeding rates, grain yield. | PDF 267-277 |
Influence of fertilizers on species composition of weeds in buckwheat crops at short-term rotation | Annotation Influence of fertilizers on species composition of weeds in buckwheat crops at short-term rotation UDC 632.51: 633.12 Vavrynovych O. V., Kachmar O. Yo. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 278–285. Institute of Agriculture of Сarpathian Region of NAAS, 5 Grushevskogost., v. Obroshyne, Pustomytydistrict, Lvivregion, 81115,Ukraine
According to research conducted at the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region during 2016–2018, the influence of fertilizer systems on the formation of potential and actual weediness of buckwheat crops and the removal of the main nutrients of vegetative vegetation in short rotation. The data on the dynamics of seed pools of soil exponents in soil and the decrease of crop yield from the presence of weeds are given. The important role of fertilizer in reducing crop losses due to the presence of weeds is substantiated. Buckwheat is of great economic importance, is an important cereals and melliferous culture, serves as a source of vegetable protein, which is more valuable in amino acid composition than cereals. Realization of potential productivity of buckwheat, increase of its level of productivity are possible under conditions of rigid observance of scientifically grounded technologies of cultivation, including placement in rotation, differentiated, depending on soil conditions, basic tillage, application of optimal doses of mineral fertilizers, measures of germanium. Our observations found that in the buckwheat crops the smallest seed stock of the vegetative species was formed by the application of N60P60K60– 22700 pc/m2, slightly lower amount was on the variant with the introduction of N30P30K30 + by-products – 26,8 thousand pc/m2. Potential is the part of the weed seed that can germinate during the growing season. Observation of the dynamics of this process showed that in the first 30–60 days of accounting, 33 and 25% of the seed bank of the total number for the entire growing season were realized. Over the next period, the percentage of germination decreased. In the buckwheat crops at the beginning of the growing season, when applying mineral fertilizers in the standard N60P60K60, the highest amount of vegetative vegetation was observed – 219 pcs/m2, which is 12% higher than on the control. The most common weeds in the tillering phase were the white quinoa (Chenopodium albumL.), the field sparrow (SpergulaarvensisL.), the common flathead (Echinochloacrusgalli (L.) P. Beauv), mouse blue (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.). Before harvesting the crop, the vegetation population in the same variant decreased significantly to 163 pc/m2, with the lowest weed mass of 138 g/m2. The predominant weed species during this period were: flat eared (Echinochloacrus-galli(L.) P. Beauv), common fungi (Capsellabursapastoris (L.) mouse blue (Setariaglauca (L.)Beauv.), white swan (Chenopodium album L.). Analyzing the peculiarities of buckwheat and weeds competitiveness, we found that the lowest competitiveness was on the variants without fertilizers – the ratio of masses of culture and weeds was 2,1. Culture resistance to weeds in crops increased significantly with the introduction of N60P60K60, the coefficient of competitiveness was 4,1, the ratio of weeds in the crop and without it decreased by 0,34 times. Plowing of winter wheat with the addition of N30P30K30 formed these indicators at 3,0 and 0,42. Thus, increasing mineral nutrition increases the competitiveness of buckwheat against weeds and reduces the harmfulness of weed components. Also, increasing or decreasing the mass of vegetative vegetation leads to a change in crop yield. In our studies, it was found that, in buckwheat crops, the removal of mineral substances by weeds depended, first of all, on the mass they formed on one hectare of sowing. It acquired the smallest values in the version without fertilizer (control) – 148,4 kg/ha. It was slightly higher on the variant with the introduction of by-products and mineral nutrition – 166,6 kg/ha. The use of mineral fertilizers in the standard N60P60K60 increased nutrient yield by 16% compared to the control (172,1 kg/ha). Thus, the higher mineral fertilizer backgrounds improved the nutritional conditions and the level of nutrient absorption of not only the cultivated crop but also the weeds. An important indicator of the overall negative impact of the vegetation group on the crop is the harmfulness (decrease in yield) – the property of weeds to suppress the growth and development of cultivated plants, reducing their yield and worsening its quality. The calculations showed that the highest yield of 2,03 and 1,78 t/ha (at the control of 1,47 and 1,17 t/ha) formed in buckwheat crops under the traditional fertilizer system, both with and without plant protection. Fertilizer plays an important role in reducing crop losses. The decrease in yield from the presence of weeds on variants with the introduction of N60P60K60 was accordingly 12,2%, when using by-products + N30P30K30 –14,3%. Thus, weeds in buckwheat crops occupy all the free ecological niches, compete with it for living space and food and reduce crop yields. Keywords: buckwheat, crop rotation, fertilizer, potential weediness, current weediness, weeds.
| PDF 278-285 |
Alternative varieties of winter barley for growing in conditions of South of Mykolaiv region | Annotation Alternative varieties of winter barley for growing in conditions of South of Mykolaiv region UDC 633.16:631.5 Andreychenko L. V., Lavrishina O. Ye. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 286–292. State Institution Nikolaev Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture NAAS, 17 Central Str., Landfill village, Vitovsky district, Mykolaiv region, 57217, Ukraine
The results of variety trial of varieties of winter barley in conditions of south of Nikolaev area during 2014–2019 are presented. Soil of an experimental plot is chernozem southern weakly eroded clay loamy on loess’s, content of humus (for Тurin) is a 2,4 %, acidity – near to neutral (рН off 6,8), it is noted by high contents potassium, average – phosphorus and it is not enough provided by nitrogen. Climate of Black Sea region –continental, is characterized sharp and repeated by fluctuations annual and month temperature of air, greater spare of heat and aridity. Agrotechnics in experiment was generally accepted for southern Steppe of Ukraine. The object of research served as recognized in the south of Ukraine varieties of winter barley Dostoynyiy, Devyatyiy val, Aborigen, Snigova koroleva. Weather conditions were generally characteristic of area and location of researchs, however, slightly different by year. The autumn drought was observed in 2016 and 2018 vegetative years, which caused problem of getting timely and even stands. Despite improvement in moisture conditions in October-November 2016, main limiting factor for normal winter development was heat deficit (average monthly air temperature in October was lower by 1.3 °, in November – by 0.5 °). There was a too early transition of average daily temperatures through + 5 ° towards decrease, as a result of which there was a slowdown of growth processes in barley plants, barley sprouts were very sparse and weak, which led to their partial winterkilling. In 2014, 2015, reserves of productive moisture in fields intended for sowing winter crops were formed at level of sufficient and optimal indicators: at sowing time of barley, reserves of productive moisture in soil ranged from 25–40 mm in plow horizon and 63–115 mm in meter horizon of soil. In 2017, there was a joint effect of spring and summer drought; in 2016 2017, 2018 recorded droughts during grain formation period. Air temperature in all months of vegetation, without exception, was above average long-term. Precipitation was unevenly distributed, most of them occurring in winter, during critical phases of winter crops growth and development (April – May), they were insufficient. Grain yield for an average of six years ranged from 3.43–3.86 t/ha, protein content reached 12.5–13.6%. The most favorable year for crop was 2019, when grain yield, depending on variety, was 4.09–4.70 t/ha. In favorable weather conditions of vegetation period 2016–2017 productivity was 2.79 t/ha with a variation from 2.57 to 3.02 t/ha. On average to experience, vegetation period of plants from sowing to ripening lasted from 241 to 248 days, that is, varieties showed themselves as middle duration cultivars. In terms of height, varieties were characterized mainly as medium-sized, loss of plants after wintering was at level of 4–13%, and in 2017, as a result of severe frosts, this indicator for Aborigen variety was 35%, for other varieties – 17–19%. A significant increase in productivity compared with standard variety was obtained when growing the short-stemmed variety Snigova koroleva. Due to low winter hardiness, variety Aborigen was significantly inferior in grain size and yield to other studied varieties. Keywords: barley winter, yield, variety trial, winter resistance, quality of grain.
| PDF 286-292 |
Agrotechnical and economic efficiency of growing of love-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) for green forage in the northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Agrotechnical and economic efficiency of growing of love-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) for green forage in the northern Steppe of Ukraine UDK 633.3: (477) (251.1) (1–17) Dudka M.I. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 293–304. SEinstitute of grain cropsof national academy of agrarian sciences, 14, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027,ukrainе
Among the representatives of the world flora in plant growing are increasingly used species of amaranth family, grain and vegetative mass of which is rich in protein. The publication presents the results of research for the technology of development of love-lies-bleeding growing (Amaranthuspaniculatus L.) for green forage in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The purpose of the research was to provide a comparative assessment of the forage productivity of love-lies-bleeding and traditional late spring crops, to investigate the influence of sowing method and seeding rates, fertilizers, harvesting time on the yield of green forage, to determine the expediency and efficiency of growing of crop on green forage and compatible agrophytocenoses at once cut and two hay cutting use of crops. The research were carried out during 1987–2013 at the Erastivska Research Station of the State Institute of Cereal Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Soil of the experimental site is common chernozem low in humus, humus content in the arable layer is 4.0 %. It has been established that is the high-yielding crop. The content of digestible protein in dry above-ground mass of love-lies-bleeding is significantly higher than in maize and millet. But amaranth is inferior to these crops in energy nutrition of above-ground mass. In 100 kg of dry matter of its vegetative mass at harvesting in the flowering stage contains 50.0 kg of feed units and 7.9 kg of digestible protein. The collection of nutrients per unit area is usually significantly dependent on the growing conditions and productivity of its crops. The highest yields of green and dry matter and the collection of feed units and digestible protein the sowings of love-lies-bleeding are provided by continuous row sowing (15 cm) and wide – row sowing (45 cm) methods and seeding rates of 1.25 kg/ha. The use of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) provided the yield of green forage of 7.50 t/ha, dry matter collection of 1.37, feed units of 1.24, digestible protein of 0.225 t/ha compared to the control (without fertilizers). The use of a higher dose of fertilizer (N90P90K30) had tendency to increase the yield, but its increase was at the level of experiemental error. At usage of amaranth sowings for green forage for one hay cutting, it should be harvested in the large flowering stage at a minimum cut height (5 cm), and for two hay cutting – at the beginning of flowering stage of plants, using the cut height in the first hay cutting of grass stand with a minimum of 15 cm. The highest yield of green forage (42.38 t/ha), the collection of feed units (6.89 t/ha) and digestible protein (0.67 t/ha) were obtained during the growing of compatible agrophytocenoses of love-lies – bleeding with the maize at the level profitability of 155.2 % and energy ratio of 10.68. In sum for two hay cuttings (main and aftecrop), the highest yield of green forage (50.10 t/ha), collection of feed units (8.41 t/ha) and digestible protein (0.89 t/ha) provided the compatible sowing of love-lies-bleeding with sorghum-Sudan-grass hybrid at a profitability level of 194.2% and an energy ratio of 12.03. Key words: love-lies-bleeding, sowing method, seeding rate, mineral fertilizers, harvesting time and cutting height, compatible agrophytocenoses, productivity.
| PDF 293-304 |
Influence of mineral fertilizers and predecessors on the water consumption and productivity of winter wheat | Annotation Influence of mineral fertilizers and predecessors on the water consumption and productivity of winter wheat UDC: 631.81.84:631.86.862 Tsvey Ya.P.1, Ivanina R.V.1,Senchuk S.M.2 Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 305–311. 1Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS, 2Bila Tserkva Research-Selection Station IBC&SB The article presents the results of research on the influence of legume precursors and mineral fertilizers on water consumption and winter wheat productivity for more than 40 years of using organic and mineral fertilizers in crop rotation. Research methods – long-term field and analytical. The features of soil moisture accumulation and its uptake by winter wheat plants, depending on their predecessors and fertilization system, are shown. Research data on the influence of legume predecessors, doses of nitrogen fertilizers and fertilizers fond of crop rotation provision on grain yield and its quality are presented. Bean precursors and fertilizers have been found to have improved water consumption and significantly increased winter wheat productivity. It was found that increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer for winter wheat from 60 to 90 kg/ha in both rotation chains was ineffective.It was found that soil moisture during spring tillage and the use of moisture by winter wheat plants during the growing season were significantly dependent on their predecessors and fertilization system. For the clover predecessor, spring moisture reserves in the 1.5 m soil layer were higher than for the spring vetch by 11–23 mm. The most moisture in the soil was accumulated on the control without fertilizers: for the predecessor of clover – 230 mm, spring vetch – 207 mm. The application of mineral fertilizers reduced the soil moisture reserves in the spring compared to the control without fertilizers by 14–26 mm at absolute value in the clover chain – 204–211 mm, spring vetch chain – 193 mm, which may be a consequence of its more intensive use by predecessor crops. The most effective used of soil moisture by winter wheat crops were observed at apply N60Р60К60 in the clover chain. Winter wheat consumed 212 m3 of moisture per one tone of crop yield, which is 136 m3 less than in the control without fertilizers and 47 m3 less than in the same variant with spring vetch predecessor. This suggests that the introduction of perennial legumes in the crop rotation and the 40-year practice of applying organic and mineral fertilizers created a high fond of effective soil fertility, which provided winter wheat crops with an advantage to better use of soil moisture for forming yield unit. Fertilization system and legume predecessors significantly affected winter wheat productivity. The yield of winter wheat grain was significantly higher for the clover predecessor than for the spring vetch predecessor. On control without fertilizers in the clover chain, the yield of winter wheat grain exceeded its productivity in the spring vetch chain by 1.25 t/ha, for the application under winter wheat N60Р60К60 – by 1.32, N90Р60К60 – by 0.38 t/ha. Higher volumes of biological nitrogen accumulation by clover created better soil nitrogen conditions for winter wheat, which provided it with a higher yield compare to spring vetch predecessor. The most effective in the rotation chain with clover it was determined the application of fertilizers for winter wheat at a dose of N60Р60К60. Against the fond of 40 years application of N43Р43К43 + 8.3 tones of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area and directly under winter wheat N60Р60К60, grain yield was 6.76 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizers by 1.99 t/ha. The application for winter wheat of N60Р60К60 after the predecessor spring vetch was accompanied by a decrease in grain yield per 1.32 t/ha. The inefficient in the both crop rotation chains was found an increase of nitrogen fertilizer dose for winter wheat from 60 to 90 kg/ha: in the chain with clover the grain yield decreased by 0.88 t/ha, the chain with spring vetch – slightly increased – by 0.08 t/ha. When growing winter wheat after clover a high efficiency was achieved by applying alternative fertilization of crop rotation (N43Р43К43 + by-products per 1 ha of crop rotation area), with the application directly under winter wheat of N60Р60К60 + straw: grain yield – 6.60 t/ha exceeding control without fertilizers by 1.83 t/ha. Enhanced nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat plants created by the application of nitrogen fertilizers and legumes has a positive effect on grain quality. The protein content in the winter wheat grain grown after the clover predecessor was significantly higher than that after the spring vetch predecessor. Thus, in the control of non-fertilizers, the protein content in winter wheat grain grown after the clover was 11.4%, after spring vetch – 11.0%; for application of fertilizer dose N60Р60К60 – 11,9% and 11,5% respectively; N90Р60К60 – 12.1% and 11.8%. The cultivation of winter wheat after clover was accompanied by an increase in the protein content of the grain by 0.3–0.4% compared to its predecessor spring vetch. After both leguminous predecessors, winter wheat responded well to an increase the doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Due to mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied under winter wheat at a dose of 60–90 kg/ha protein content in the grain in comparison with the control without fertilizers increased in the chain with clover by 0.5–0.7 %, in chain with spring vetch – by 0.5–0,8 %. The best indicators of grain quality were obtained under the cultivation of winter wheat after clover with the application for this crop of N90Р60К60 against the fond of 40 years application of N65Р43К43 + 8.3 tones of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area: protein content in grain – 12.1 % with excess to control without fertilizers – per 0.7 %. Key words: fertilizers, predecessors, water consumption, productivity, winter wheat.
| PDF 305-311 |
Features of wintering of winter barley plants, depending on the timing of sowing in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine | Annotation Features of wintering of winter barley plants, depending on the timing of sowing in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine UDK 633.16 “324” 631.53.04. (251.1) (1-17) (477) Zavalypich N.O. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 312–317. SE Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 14, VolodymyrVernadskyi Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе The questions of winter barley growing technology in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, where special attention is given to agrotechnical techniques, namely the sowing times and seeding rate, are considered. According to the results of the research, a significant influence of sowing time and seeding rates in the conditions of autumn growing season on the growth and development of winter barley and resistance to unfavourable winter conditions was established. The average for 2016–2018 hydrothermal conditions of winter period were favorable, which caused winter barley wintering depending on the state of its development in sowing times and seeding rates within 89–95% of plants. The highest plant survival rate was observed for sowing times on September 30 and October 10 and was on the level of 95% and 94%, respectively. At a later sowing time (October 20), plant survival rate decreases by 4.5%. The amount of soluble carbohydrates at the time of termination of autumn vegetation is one of the main indicators characterizing the winter – hardiness of the winter plants. It was proved that winter barley plants at different sowing times had different amount of carbohydrates in the tillering nodes at the time of the termination of autumn vegetation (31.0%) at the sowing time on September 30, at the seeding rate of 4.5 million pieces / ha, which was by 1.3% and 3.3% more, respectively, compared to the sowing time on September 20 and October 10, respectively. Sowing in optimal times provides better conditions of water supply and temperature regime for the passage by plants of the I and II hardening phase. At the sowing time on October 20, at the time of the termination of autumn vegetation, the plants did not form the tillering nodes and entered the winter in the phase of 1–2 leaves. The influence of seeding rates on carbohydrate accumulation at tillering nodes was also noted. Increasing seeding rates from 4.5 to 6.0 million pieces/ha of germinate seeds resulted in a reduction in the amount of carbohydrate accumulated. The results of the conducted research show that the highest survival rate of winter barley plants was observed in the end of the third decade of September and the beginning of October, namely from September 30 to October 5. Key words: winter barley, carbohydrates, winter-hardiness, plant survival rate, sowing time, seeding rates.
| PDF 312-317 |
Agriculture
The role of complete fallow in water accumulation and restoration of water balance in crop rotation | Annotation The role of complete fallow in water accumulation and restoration of water balance in crop rotation UDC 631.51: 631.8: 633.854.78 Tsyliuryk O. I., Shevchenko M. S. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 318–330. Dnipro National Agricultural-Economical University, 25 Yefremova str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukrainе In the conditions of the northern steppe due to fallow, irrespective of its predecessors (spring barley, sunflower, maize), soil cultivation methods and care features for winter wheat sowing, it is possible to achieve almost complete restoration of soil moisture resources (151,7–180,7 mm), which, even in the absence of rain during the spring-summer vegetation of the plants, guarantees a stable grain yield and prevents the harmful effects of drought. The presence of fallow in short crop rotation causes the restoration of productive soil humidity, especially after field crops that exceed the 1,5-meter layer of soil (sunflower). Early fallow in the steppe (after barley) formed a dense protective screen formed by stubble, crushed straw and dead vegetation during steady cooling. Within the undisturbed background, there was a significant decrease in wind speed in the surface air space, earlier, gradual and uniform accumulation of snow, increasing its viscosity and density. Combined with the high buffering and holding capacity of early fallow, this reduced water loss to runoff, evaporation, freezing and blowing, increased the sediment absorption coefficient and the additional moisture accumulation in the root layer of soil (0–150 cm), compared to tillage and chisel cultivation an average of 105–131 m3/ha. Fallow lost more moisture in deep-loosened areas in autumn and less in variants of shallow disc tillage, which has explained by the formation of a compacted soil layer (10–20 cm) and a sufficiently high degree of projective coverage of its surface by plant residues. A shallow non-board soil tillage system had the advantage in grain and fallow crop rotation, where a bit more moisture (by 3,2 mm) had accumulated in the cold autumn-winter period than the board system, which has explained by the presence of mulch after cereals here and better moisture accumulation in early fallow. Regarding the other indicators, the same pattern has observed as in the grain-fallow-cutting rotation. Total moisture consumption during the growing season increased by 7,0 mm per board system compared to shallow (non-board). The water regime of the soil in the crop rotation with the field of sunflower was more intense than in the grain-fallow with the field of barley, as evidenced by lower moisture reserves before sowing crops – by 7,2–13,4 mm and higher total moisture costs – by 25,9–28,5 mm during the growing season. The water consumption here was also higher by 34,8–39,2 mm/t, which can be explained by the presence of sunflower in this crop rotation, which is able to use moisture from deep soil layers – more than 1,5 m. That is, the soil tillage systems had a smaller impact on forming a moisture balance than a set of crop rotations. The total soil moisture costs varied within a narrow range (306,2–310,4 mm) and remained almost unchanged depending on the tillage systems. It is necessary to note the more economical use of water by field crops under the shallow mulching system of soil tillage, as evidenced by the decrease of the index of water consumption by 13,4 mm/t to compare with board tillage. Keywords: winter wheat, fallow, early fallow, predecessors, basic tillage, mulching, fertilizer system, yield.
| PDF 318-330 |
The impact of ecologically safe fertilizer systems of the winter wheat on the biological activity of the soil under conditions of climate chang | Annotation The impact of ecologically safe fertilizer systems of the winter wheat on the biological activity of the soil under conditions of climate chang UDC 574.4: 631.8: 633.11 Dubitska A. O., Kachmar O. Yo., Dubitsky O. L., Vavrynovych O. V. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). С. 331–336 . Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region of NAAS, 5, Grushevskogo Str., v. Obroshyne, Pustomyty district, Lviv region, 81115, Ukraine The abiotic factors, including climatic ones, which, together with agronomic measures, determine the course of biological processes in the soil, have a significant impact on the productivity, ecological status, and functioning of the agroecosystems. Therefore, the study of concrete agronomic measures, in particular the impact of ecologically safe fertilizer systems(ESFS) on changes of the soil biological activity and adaptation of agroecosystems to climate change, is timely and relevant. In agrocenoses of the winter wheat, under conditions of the introduction of ESFS, a general tendency has been found to improve the course of biological processes in the soil, namely, a weakening of the mineralization processes, an increase in the nitrification ability of the soil, and an increase in CO2 emission. Sufficient amount of precipitation and an increase in air temperature relative to the perennial average values of spring 2018 had a positive effect on the metabolic activity of microorganisms, providing a high level of biological activity on variants of organo-mineral fertilizer systems. The unsatisfactory conditions of the spring period of 2017, which were due to increased temperature conditions, insufficient rainfall, and therefore a lack of moisture, led to a deterioration of the biological regime of the soil. This was manifested in a decrease in the intensity of CO2 emission from the soil surface, and a decrease in nitrification ability. However, under application of humus or microbiological fertilizer on the background of pea straw + N30P45K45, this trend is partially levelling. Obviously, that in conditions of insufficient moisture and an increased temperature background, the use of organic fertilizers (humus-containing or microbiological) and secondary crop production (straw) helps to conserved moisture in the soil, ecological stability and the activity of microbiocenosis. Analysis the regularity of changes of the biological activity in soil under the conditions of ESFS makes it possible to minimize the negative effects of extreme fluctuations of soil temperature and humidity on its fertility.
Key words: biological activity of the soil, gray forest soil, winter wheat, ecologically safe fertilizer systems, weather conditions. | PDF 331-336 |
Economics
Energy and economic evaluation of agriculture systems | Annotation Energy and economic evaluation of agriculture systems UDC 631.5:631.51:631.8 Shevchenko M. S., Shevchenko O. M., Kulyk A. O., Shvets N. V., Shevchenko S. M. Grain Crops. 2019. 3 (2). 377–384. SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14, Volodymyra Vernadskogo Str., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine The results of economic and energy analysis on the effectiveness of 5-crop rotation, basic tillage and mineral fertilizers are presented. The detailed dynamics of profitability, cost, profitability and energy balance in systems of different intensity and productivity are shown. Increasing the economic efficiencyof basic tillage and fertilization in crop rotation does not always coincide with environmental concerns about soil conservation and reduced energy costs for production. Thanks to high grain productivity and market value of grain producy the most cost-effective winter wheat, corn for grain and sunflower (165,2–245,2 %). Estimation of economic efficiency of the methods of basic tillage and application of mineral fertilizers shows the significant influence of the technological factors on the basic economic indicators. Due to the favorable effect of plowing on crop yields of crop rotation, this method of cultivation provided the highest profitability of production in the crop range of 20.7–245.2%. The use of mineral fertilizers was accompanied by a decrease in the profitability of cereals, but at the same time helped to increase the profitability of the products obtained. It is proved that in modern agriculture the energy estimation of the consumed and acquired resources opens up the opportunity to for man objective idea of the value of each agricultural reception and to adjust them on monetary mechanisms of grain production. From the point of view of energy saturation of agricultural technologies, fuel and mineral fertilizers, which make up to 60% in the structure of energy costs, occupy a decisive position. However, the decisive factor in energy efficiency remains the level of grain yield and the energy potential accumulated in it. A promising area of research in the agrocenotic energy balance is alienation control and return of the energy substratet of the soil. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, culture, grain, profitability, profit, energyfactor, agriculture
| PDF 377-384 |