Grain Crops.-2022.-Vol. 6.- №2

UDC 633.11: 631.527                      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0225

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 5–12.

Vyskub R. S., Viniukov O. O.

Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS, 1 Zakhysnykiv Ukrainy St., Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, 85307, Ukraine

Topicality. Thanks to analysis and systematization of wheat collection, we will be able to obtain new sources of tolerance and create a trait collection for the developing tolerant varieties suitable for cultivation in different ecozones of Ukraine. Yield losses from pathogens can be reduced by introducing new varieties with a wide genetic base of group tolerance. Purpose. To characterize the soft winter wheat collection in terms of tolerance to powdery mildew in the conditions of the Southern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. During 2011–2019, the research was conducted at the Ustymivka Research Station of Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS of Ukraine. We studied 1406 samples of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from 33 countries, including 53.1 % – Ukrainian origin, 10.1 % – from Turkey, 8.6 % – from the United States, 6.9 % – from Russia, 17.0 % – from Europe. Research methods: field, dialectical, hypothesis, synthesis, induction, statistical, observation. Results. The manifestation of the main foliar diseases on collection samples of soft winter wheat was observed to determine field tolerance to diseases in the following organogenesis stages: autumn tillering, spring budding, stem elongation, beginning of heading, milk-dough maturity. In the early growth and development stages of wheat plants (seedlings – heading), plants were insignificantly damaged by powdery mildew. In the autumn tillering stage, 5 samples out of 234 were not affected by powdery mildew: 831/10, 853/10 (UKR), Pesma (YUG), Gruia, Gloria (ROU). During the period of stem elongation, there are 12 samples of soft winter wheat susceptible to this disease in this stage of organogenesis. Arid conditions in 2012 and 2013 were more favorable for distribution of the wheat collection for disease tolerance at the heading stage, in which the susceptible and weakly susceptible samples under study accounted for approximately 14 %. The maximum damage by this pathogen occurs in milky-wax ripeness of wheat. Distribution by the level of tolerance significantly depends on the conditions of a particular year. Thus, in 2011 (excessively humid conditions), the percentage of susceptible samples of wheat to the pathogen was 57.5 %; in 2012 and 2013, a larger group of samples was noted as weakly susceptible. The significant influence of the amount of precipitation and the level of hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) on the number of susceptible wheat samples to powdery mildew during heading (r = 0,83 and r = 0,91, respectively) was established. The average level of correlation between the indicators of the number of highly susceptible wheat samples to this disease and the level of HTC (r = 0,33) was noted. The method of distant hybridization using foreign genes helps to obtain lines more resistant to specific pathogens of soft winter wheat. Conclusions. Distribution of winter wheat samples by the level of tolerance to powdery mildew depended significantly on the conditions of a particular year. The special collection of samples resistant to the most common diseases of soft winter wheat allows you to systematize the selection of parental lines on specific traits, which will create more resistant lines.

Key words:soft winter wheat, tolerance, powdery mildew, stage of organogenesis, hydrothermal
coefficient, distant hybridization method

UDC 633.63:631.52                    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0226

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 13–18.      

Kornieieva, M. O.

Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the NAAS of Ukraine, 25 Klinichna St., Kyiv, 03141, Ukraine. 

Topicality. The development of biofuel engineering in Ukraine demands to cultivate the agrofuel crops as renewable energy sources. The sugar-fodder hybrids created using high-value sterile forms of sugar beet and fertile forms of fodder beet may hold promise for biofuel feedstock production. Purpose. Develop experimental sugar-fodder beet hybrids with high energy yield, suitable for alternative biofuels production, and select the best ones. Materials and Methods. 6 pollen-sterile breeding lines of sugar beet and 23 selection numbers of fertile fodder beet were used to create the sugar-fodder hybrids. The breeding process comprised the following steps: selection of initial parental lines, evaluation them by combining ability, and, based on the best, formation of the hybrids. Method of multi-tester top crossing was applied and field trials of the experimental hybrids held. Results. The parent components varied significantly in energy yield, which ranged within 53.5–61.5 GJ/ha (for the MS-samples) and from 80.0 to 87.8 GJ/ha for the top 4 pollinators. On completion of the tester crosses, the following have been selected: MS-samples of the sugar beet lines MS Iv. 24869 and MS Iv. 2484 with proven significant effects of general combining ability at 6.7 GJ/ha and 4.0 GJ/ha; and pollinators of the fodder beet varieties Halytskyi and Lvivskyi zhovtyi – at 8.0 GJ/ha and 6.5 GJ/ha, respectively. In the genotypic structure of variability of the “energy output” trait, the total share of the influence of valuable additive gene complexes of parental samples (51 %) was almost equivalent to the share of non-additive interaction of components (49 %). Conclusions. By the method of combinative selection, three new genotypes of sugar-fodder hybrids have been developed, with energy output rate higher than 120 GJ/ha, suitable for the biofuel production from renewable sources. These are the genotypes MS Iv. 24869/k 41/42; MS Iv. 24869/k 13/14; and MS Iv. 24869/s. Lvivskyi zhovtyi, with indicators exceeding the standard by 14.3 %, 15.4 % and 8.5 %, respectively.

Keywords: bioenergy, pollen-sterile forms, pollinators, sugar-fodder hybrids, combining ability, energy yield

UDC 633.11.”327”:631.527:631.524.85:631           https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0227 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 19–26.

Lytvynenko M. A., Holub Ye. A., Fanin Ya. S. 

Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute – National Center for Seed Breeding and Variety Research, 3 Ovidiopilska St., Odesa, 65036, Ukraine

Topicality. The use of introgressive material developed due to the involvement of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS in the modern gene pool of bread winter wheat is quite relevant at this stage of breeding development. This makes it possible to expand the genetic diversity of breeding material to identify new genetic sources of valuable traits and obtain genotypes based on introgressive material with wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS with a sufficiently high grain quality in breeding programs in the southern Ukraine. Purpose. To establish the role of genetic environment as a factor of directional influence of wheat-rye translocations on baking properties, and to develop breeding techniques for neutralizing the negative effects of translocations to produce genotypes with high grain quality indices of valuable and strong wheat. Materials and Methods. Field experiments were carried out in the fields of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute - National Center for Seed Breeding and Variety Research in the 2010–2020. Meteorological conditions over the years of research were generally typical arid for the Steppe zone. The lines developed by crossing local varieties-carriers of translocations and the best varieties of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute breeding were studied that to identify the influence of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS on the quality of winter wheat grain in the process of breeding. Results. It was established that the winter wheat grain quality indices were changed (protein content increased, rheological properties decreased) by the introduction of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS into the local gene pool. These changes depend on the genetic environment, hybrid combination and the influence of genetic factors that reduce the negative effect of wheat-rye translocations on baking properties of the lines. It was proved that development of recombinant lines combining high yield and increased baking properties increases when using introgressive lines with wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS. Conclusions. It is possible to reduce the negative impact of wheat-rye translocations on the bread winter wheat grain quality and develop varieties with quality parameters of valuable and strong wheat by combining wheat-rye translocations with alleles in genotype positively influencing baking properties, and also by creating heterogeneity in genotypes with and without wheat-rye translocations in a certain ratio. An example is the highly heat-resistant variety of strong wheat Oktava Odeska, which is included in the State Register for dissemination in all agroclimatic zones of Ukraine.

Key words: bread winter wheat, recombinant lines, baking quality, wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS

UDC 633,11:632,4:631.097,3:631,523:575    https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0228                 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 27–30.

Kirchuk Y. I., Alieksieienko Y. V. 

Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute – National Center for Seed Breeding and Variety Research, 3 Ovidiopolska St., Odessa, 65036, Ukraine

Actuality of the topic. With the growth of prices for fungicides, the ecological crisis of the biosphere, the absence of a wide range of donors, and with the constant variability of the pathogen, resistance of bread winter wheat plants is lost, therefore, it is important to search for new effective sources of resistance and involve them in breeding work for resistance to leaf rust. The purpose of the research is to compare genotypes of different ecological and geographical origin and to determine the best genetic sources of resistance to brown rust for their effective use in breeding. Methods. The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions; Bread winter wheat samples were contaminated with leaf (brown) rust spores in the juvenile stage of growing. Research results. Among the four analyzed genetic sources of resistance of different ecological and geographical origins, the best were the representative genotypes from other breeding institutions of Ukraine. According to the average indicator of resistance, their average level of resistance was at the level of 6.5 points on a 9-point scale, and genotypes of Western European origin – 5.2 points, genotypes of selection from SGI–NCSS and CIMMYT-ICARDA - Turkey had the worst score – 4.6 and 3.4 points. Summary. The fact that bread winter wheat genotypes from other breeding institutions of Ukraine and Western European origin are the best can be explained by the formation of these genotypes in optimal conditions for the development of leaf (brown) rust, which served as a natural infectious background for selection for resistance to this trait. However, among genetic sources with low resistance, there are samples with increased resistance, which, in combination with other adaptive traits, can be successfully used in the selection of bread winter wheat for resistance to leaf (brown) rust for the south of Ukraine.

Key words: bread winter wheat, leaf (brown) rust, sources of resistance, genotypes-representatives, resistance

UDC 633.15:631.526.322              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0229                       

Cherchel V. Yu., Aldoshyn А. V., Svinitskyi L. М. 

Grain Crops 2022. 6 (2). 31–36.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. In Ukraine, a sharp manifestation of unfavorable climate elements for growing hybrid maize seeds, brought to the fore the tolerance of the female components of hybrids to environmental factors limiting the formation of potential yield. Therefore, the study and evaluation of the ecological plasticity and stability of female components are an urgent issue of the modern seed production of maize hybrids. Purpose. To determine the requirements of the female components of maize hybrids to environmental conditions. Materials and Methods. During the research, 20 female components of maize hybrids bred by the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS were used. The female components were single cross sterile hybrids. The methodology of S. A. Eberhart, V. A. Russell, edited by A. Zykin and others, was used. The methodology is based on the calculation of two parameters: the linear regression coefficient b_i (ecological plasticity) and the dispersion σ_d² (ecological stability). Results.  The grain yield of the female components was determined in five years of the research. The influence of environmental conditions on the yield of female components of maize hybrids was determined. The female components were distributed according to the requirements for growing conditions. Conclusions. The most valuable, highly intensive female components include sister hybrids Kros253C, Kros256C, Kros247C and Kros238C with high environmental plasticity and stability. To realize the potential yield, they need a high agricultural background under favorable weather conditions. Female components Kros364M and Kros368M with high regression coefficient and root mean square deviation are less valuable because their high plasticity is combined with low yield stability. It is desirable to grow these female components only on a high agricultural background under favorable climatic conditions to get the maximum yield. Hybrids Kros254M, Kros255M, Kros266S, Kros277M, Kros301M, etc., have low environmental plasticity and high yield stability. These hybrids will give maximum returns for minimum costs in extensive cultivation.

Key words: female component, yield, hybrid, adaptation, regression coefficient, root mean square deviation, stability, plasticity

UDC 633.152:631.527                        https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0230            

Haidash O. L., DziubetskyB. V., CherchelV. Yu., Musatova L. O. 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 37–42.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. The sweet maize grain differs from other maize subspecies in its high sugar content: the grain accumulates 2 times more mono- and disaccharides, 20 times more dextrins, and almost 2 times less starch, with a crude protein content of 10.4–14.9 %. The main  direction  of  sweet maize  breeding  is to develop the high-yielding interline hybrids that are suitable for mechanized harvesting of cobs, and resistant to main diseases and pests, as well as characterized by high technological grain qualities. To effectively solve these challenges, it is necessary to know the morphological and biological characteristics and properly select the source material (self-pollinated lines). Purpose. To study of morphological and biological characteristics of sweet maize lines. Materials and methods. Visual phenological observations; laboratory-field method was used to determine morpho-biological characteristics of plants; measuring and weighing method – to determine yield and metric characteristics of plants; mathematical and statistical method - to determinate validity of results, variability of traits, correlational dependence of traits; analysis of variance; comprehensive assessment of morpho-biological and economically valuable characteristics of inbred lines. Results. According to analysis of sugar composition, the studied samples revealed a high content of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, etc.) in the lines HOL-1 _1411111, HOL-1 _1411211, DKS346 ₁₁₄, DINAR346 ₁₄₁, HOL-19 and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) in HOL-1 _1411211, SVAN1212 ₁₂₃, HOL-19. These indicators are important in the deep processing of sweet maize for the food industry an individual product and as one of the components in the culinary products. These mono- and disaccharides are used to produce sweets, sweet or alcoholic drinks and sauces. The following DINAR346 ₁₄₁, HOL-1 _1411511 lines had a low level of sucrose content: 3.7 and 4.6 %, respectively. Conclusions. According to the results of research on the breeding material of sweet maize, it was identified the self-pollinated families with high taste qualities (7 points), such as HOL-1 _1411111, HOL-1 _1411211, DKS346 ₁₁₄, HOL-4 _1411141 and HOL-19, which will be involved to develop competitive high-yielding hybrids with a high sugar content in grain, increased taste and technological qualities in the sweet maize breeding programs in the future.

Key words: sweet corn, line, sugar content, seed productivity, grain taste

UDC 633.15:631.52:632                          https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0231                

Tomash, L. V., Mikuliak, I. S., Linskaia, M. I., Kozak, G. V.  

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 43–50.

Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Agriculture in Carpathian region NAAS

Topicality. The results of phytopathological evaluation of breeding material (the maize hybrids (Zea mays L.)) against the natural background of the main diseases fusarium (Fusarium (F. moniliforme J. Sheld), bacteriosis (Bacillus mesentericus-vulgatus Flugge), white rust (non-parasitic disease), boil smut (Ustilago zeae (Beskm.) Unger)) are given. The damage of corn hybrids by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb) was determined. Purpose. Our research was aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of new maize hybrids for resistance to major diseases and pests in the conditions of the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The studies was conducted on the fields of Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Agriculture in Carpathian region NAAS in selective crop rotation of NAAS according to generally accepted methods of field experiments, methodical recommendations and handbooks. The resistance of 299 maize hybrids was evaluated, including 125 hybrids in the competitive variety trial and 174 in the preliminary variety trial. Pochayivskyi 190 MV and DB Lada hybrids were used as a standard for comparing early-ripening hybrids, and Orzhytsia 237 MV and DB Khotyn hybrids were used as a standard for comparing mid-early hybrids. Early-ripening hybrids are included in the FAO 180–199, and mid-early hybrids – in the FAO 200–299. Results. Sampling based on hybrids resistance to major diseases and damage by European corn borer will improve grain quality and productivity of newly developed maize hybrids. Highly resistant, resistant and medium resistant to diseases hybrids were identified, which can be recommended for state variety testing: to Fusarium pathogen – 52, 97 and 92 (80.5 %) hybrids, bacteriosis – 143, 106, 38 (95.9 %), white smut – 190, 59, 34 (94.8 %), boil smut – 279, 8, 10 (99.3 %), respectively, and to damage by European corn borer: highest resistant (damage 0–5 %) – 172, high resistant (6–15 %) – 75, and medium resistant (damage 16–25 %) – 35 (94.3 %) hybrids. Conclusion. As a result of multi-year research, a number of maize hybrids, which are characterized by resistance to major diseases and pests and high yielding properties (9.2 t/ha), were bred by the Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS in co-authorship with breeders of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS., Thus, 77 maize hybrids have high resistance to damage by European corn borer, 8 hybrids were distinguished by high resistance to the pathogen of boil smut. In addition, 97 maize hybrids were resistant to Fusarium pathogen. The implementation of these hybrids in production will significantly improve the maize yield in the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. For the second year, the early ripe hybrid (FAO 180) DB Tyras, created in co-authorship with the State Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, is undergoing state variety testing. The hybrid is characterized by high resistance to pathogens of Fusarium, boil smut, the potential yield of which is 13.5 t/ha.

Key words: hybrid, maize, natural background, disease, pest, resistance, injury, damage

UDC 633.15:631.527.8                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0232

Kalina Tzoneva

Grain Crops 2022 6(2) 51-54

Golden West Seed Bulgaria LTD – Borisovo village, 7064, Bulgaria

In 2016–2018, the promising maize lines (FAO 290–399) of the Golden West Seed Bulgaria Ltd. breeding company, containing more than 50 % of the plasm of the Iodent heterotic group and 6 testers, mainly of the Lancaster group, were evaluated. It was established that the lines GW59024 and GWC06021 (Iodent heterotic group) are the most suitable as recurrent parents in new breeding programs for intensive and drought tolerant hybrids. Among the testers of the Lancaster heterotic group, the most interesting were GW59008, which showed the highest general combining ability in favorable years for maize development, and GW57010, which had a very high general combining ability in all three years of research.

Key words: maize; lines and hybrids; combining ability on grain yield

UDC 633.361;574.32                              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0233             

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 55-61

HavryshS. L., Viniukov О. О., Bondareva O. B. 

Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of NAAS, 1 ZakhysnykivUkrainy St., Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, 85307, Ukraine

Topicality. The implementation of new selection criteria will solve the problem of forming the sainfoin resistance to extreme hydrothermal conditions and insufficient moisture. Sainfoin adult plants have a high level of drought resistance, unlike its seedlings, which are sensitive to the air and soil moisture deficit. Therefore, the ability of seedlings to adapt to unfavorable moisture conditions has a positive effect on the further development of plants and the formation of their productivity elements. Purpose. To evaluate the principles of new selection criteria for sainfoin biotypes in the breeding process at the initial stages of organogenesis. Materials and methods. The laying of the nursery of the initial material was carried out using new elements of the technology of growing sainfoin, namely summer sowing. Seeds of samples obtained by positive selection from breeding, seed crops, collections of other scientific institutions and local wild populations of sainfoin were sown. The new criteria for selecting sainfoin biotypes are based on an assessment of the intensity of root system development and the calculation of the coefficient of negative drought effect. General scientific research methods are as follows: field, laboratory, measuring-weight, calculation-comparative, mathematical statistics. Results. In the source material nursery of the first year of life, 113 families (45.7 % of the total) formed a root system with a volume of more than 6.5 cm³ within 2.5 months after sowing. Only 77 families (31.2 % of the total number) had a drought impact coefficient of 0.46 or less, i.e., they are suitable for breeding highly productive populations in arid climatic conditions. Sowing seeds of families selected according to the new criteria ensured that number of families with a strong root system (more than 6.5 cm³) increased from 42.2 % to 57.2 % in the next generation, increased plant survival during the first year of life from 63.2 % to 87.2–95.0 %, in winter – from 83.3 % to 90.4–94.8 %, and resistance to fungal diseases from 81 % to 90–95 %. In the nursery of the source material, the share of families with the highest number of shoots per plant (> 27 pcs) and height (> 20 cm) was 27.4 % and 26.6 %, respectively, and was equal to the number of families with a root volume of more than 7.5 cm³ – 27.4 %. Conclusions. According to the results of determining the root volume of sainfoin plants and calculating the coefficient of negative effect of drought, the most productive breeding samples can be selected in the first years of life when using summer sowing with freshly harvested seeds. The selection of breeding material based on new criteria made it possible to identify families with high adaptive potential at the initial stages of plant development in arid conditions of the eastern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.

Key words: breeding, sainfoin, root volume of plant, coefficient of negative drought impact, condition of plants

UDC 631.563.9                       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0234              

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 62–69.

Kyrpa, М. Ya. 

StateEnterpriseInstitute ofGrainCrops ofNAAN, 14 VolodymyraVernadskohoSt.,Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. These researches are due to the grain storage problem, the features of maize grain storage in metal silos under the various environmental factors, as well as more efficient using the material and technical facilities, including the grain storages of new generation. Purpose. To establish the types of grain storage facilities that are most appropriate for storing the yield of different crops, to improve metal silos and maize grain storage technologies. Materials and Methods. During experiments on maize grain storage, we used the metal silo equipped with a system of sensors to measure the temperature in different places of grain heap. We studied two models of grain storages, such as a standard construction (control) and an experimental one thermal isolated with a polyurethane layer. During the storage experiment, grain quality was monitored on grain moisture content, dockage, damage and germination. Results. Different types of grain storage facilities storing main volume of grain harvest were characterized; the technical, economic and technological advantages and disadvantages of grain storage were highlighted; directions for further development are outlined. The features of maize grain storage in the metal silos under influence of external meteorological conditions for 60 day were established. Temperature fluctuations were 7.1–13 °С in grain storage with thermal insulation, 4.5–25.9 °С – without insulation. As a result of significant temperature fluctuations, the grain was moistened by 2.2 %, its acidity increased by 1 degree, germination decreased by 7 %. At the stage of preparation for storage, maize grain should be cleaned to purity of 93–97 % by removing grain impurities. An effective method for this is fractional separation of grain. Conclusions. Thermal insulation of metal silos significantly reduces the negative impact of fluctuations in ambient air temperature, stabilizes the storage mode, and ensures high quality maize grain. The stability of grain during storage increases in the case of selection from it a fraction of grain of small, unfilled, with a low 1000 grain weight.

Key words: types of grain storage facilities, metal silo, thermal insulation, maize, quality, cleaning grain before storage

UDC 633.854.78:631.543.3                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0235

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 70-77

Kutishcheva N. M., Shudria L. I., Odinets S. I., Bezsusidnii O. V., Sereda V. O.

Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, 1 Instytutska St., Soniachne village, Zaporizhzhia district, Zaporizhzhia region, 70417, Ukraine

Topicality. At the present stage, the basis of the Ukrainian economy is agricultural production. Agriculture is the only sphere that is as dependent on weather fluctuations as any other. And it constantly has to adapt to the ongoing climate change. Climate changes, which cause an increase in temperatures, changes in the amount of precipitation and its distribution during the growth season, unstable weather conditions, the spread of pests and diseases, threaten the production of sunflower hybrids. The question about the influence of weather factors on the formation of productive traits of both hybrids and their parental forms, the dependence of agricultural crops on weather factors (temperature and precipitation, both for the entire growth season and for several months) is relevant. Purpose. To study of the influence of weather conditions on the formation of productive traits of hybrids and their parental components. Materials and Methods. The triple hybrids of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Ahent, Ahronomicnyi, Kameniar, Marshal, Zaporizkyi 28, their parental components – single-cross sterile hybrids ZL(22х102)A, ZL(42х46)A, ZL(42х58)A and the restorers of fertility ZL512Rf, ZL678Rf and ZL7034Rf were studied. Results.Over the years of research, yield fluctuations reached to 0.90 t/ha for Ahent hybrid, 1.66 t/ha – Agronomichnyi, 0.13 t/ha – Marshal, 0.96 t/ha – Kameniar and 0.58 t/ha – Zaporizkyi 28. The highest yields and oil yield per unit area were in 2018. According to the results of three-year trials on hybrids and their parental forms, the Marshal hybrid had the highest yield – 2.64 t/ha with seed oil content of 50.78 % in 2016. Also in 2016, all pollen fertility restorers had the highest yields and oil yields. In 2018, four out of five hybrids showed the highest yields and oil yield per unit area. In 2017, the lowest oil content in the seeds of the tested hybrids was in the range of 45.16–48.49 % for Ahent and Zaporizkyi 28, respectively. Conclusions.It was established that Marshal is the most productive hybrid for sunflower cultivation in the southern Steppe of Ukraine, its average yield was 2.56 t/ha that exceeded by 0.27–0.48 t/ha this indicator in other hybrids.

Key words: sunflower, hybrid, yield, oil content, 1000 seeds weight, oil yield, weather conditions, precipitation, temperature, sum of active temperatures, correlation coefficient

UDC 633.34:381.8                  https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0236    

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 78-83

Vlasiuk O. S., Kvasnitska L. S. 

Khmelnytskyi  State  Agricultural  Experimental Station of the Institute of Feed and Agriculture of Podillia of NAAS, 1 Samchyky St., Samchyky village, Khmelnytskyi  district, Khmelnytskyi  region, 31182, Ukraine

Topicality. Today, in the context of environmental and economic crises in the world, attention to the use of the potential of agroecosystems and minimization of the pesticide and agrochemicals load has increased. For this purpose, the use of environmentally safe plant growth stimulants and the latest microfertilizers is one of the most promising methods in crop production. Scientific substantiation and adaptation to the soil and climatic conditions of a particular growing zone, as well as studying the impact of bioactive products on varietal characteristics of the crop are needed to improve the environmentally safe technology of soybean cultivation. Purpose. For increase of productivity by 15–20 % and biologization of crop cultivation , it is necessary to determine the best variants of combining mineral fertilization with foliar dressing, seed and crops treatment with bioactive products for soybean varieties. Methods. Field method, quantitative-weight, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods was used. Results. We determined that the activity of nitrogen-fixing symbioses formation on soybean largely depends on the method of treatment with bioactive substances, in particular, stimulants of Vympel brand and Orakul microfertilizer. When processing soybeans with biologically active drugs, the mass of nodules increases much more intensively than their number. The increase in the mass of bubbles was up to 50.7 % in the Diadema Podillia variety and up to 60.8 % – in the Samorodok variety. The application of the investigated methods of seed treatment and foliar dressing ensured an increase in the soybean seed yield of the Diadema Podillia variety by 4.4–42.7 %, and of the Samorodok variety by 4.7–44.4 %, depending on the level of mineral nutrition. Conclusions. Growth stimulants of Vympel brand and Orakul microfertilizers are effective for increasing yields, enhancing nitrogen fixation soybean. The use of bioactive products can serve as an important element of economic and environmentally safe technologies for growing soybeans, which can reduce the impact of stress factors on plants, in particular, the lack of fertilizers.

Key words: soybean, nitrogen-fixing activity, microfertilizers, growth stimulants, soybean yield

UDC 633.11:631.53.4:631.55(477.4)      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0237

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 84–91

Los R. M.¹, Kyrylenko V. V. ¹, Humeniuk O. V. ¹, Dubovyk N. S.² 

¹The V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine, 68 Tsentralna St., Tsentralne village, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region, 08853, Ukraine

²Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, 8/1 Soborna Sq., Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region, 09117, Ukraine

Topicality. The genetic potential of winter wheat varieties is used unsatisfactorily, which is one of the many reasons that led to the problem of food grain deficit in Ukraine. Realization of the genetic potential of the variety is possible if the entire set of agrotechnological measures and strict technology of seed growing is implemented. The productivity of varieties with different genotypes largely depends on the preceding crops, sowing dates and weather conditions during the growing season. The purpose of our research was to determine the yield potential of new winter wheat varieties bred at Myronivka, depending on the preceding crops and sowing dates in the conditions of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, as well as to establish the interdependence between them. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in field experiment in the fields of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine (MIW) located in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 2018/19–2020/21 (year - factor A). The object of the research were five new winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat (MIP Fortuna, MIP Lada, MIP Yuvileina, Avrora Myronivska, MIP Lakomka), which were compared with the standard variety Podolianka (factor B). The experiments were laid down after two preceding crops, namely, sunflower, soybean (factor C); sowing was carried out on September 25 and October 5 with a deviation of 1–3 days (factor D). The coefficients of materiality deviations in air temperature (°С) and the amount of precipitation (mm) was determined by gradation according to the methodology of Ped D. A. (1975) and Kalenska S. V. (2018). Results. Weather conditions during the years of the research varied significantly, which made it possible to evaluate the material objectively. The yield of new winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, depending on the preceding crops and sowing dates, was studied. Among the investigated preceding crops, soybean was determined to be the best one, as well as the sowing date September 25, on average, during the years of the study they contributed to obtaining the maximum yield for new varieties of this crop. Conclusions. According to the results of the studying varietal differences, it was determined that the highest yield (6.24 t/ha) in general according to the experiment was formed by the MIP Yuvileina variety for the first sowing date (September 25); for two sowing dates (September 25 and October 5) the highest yield value was observed for the MIP Fortuna variety (5.46 and 5.47 t/ha).

Key words: winter wheat, variety, yield, weather conditions, preceding crop, sowing date

UDC 631.81.84:631.86                   https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0238

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 92-96

Ivanina V. V., Korotenko I. M.

Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS,25 Klinichna St., Kyev,03141, Ukraine

Topicality. Global warming requires the search for effective predecessors and doses of nitrogen fertilizers to obtain stable yields of high quality winter wheat grain. Purpose. To study the influence of the grain legume predecessor (peas) on the yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and establish the optimal dose of nitrogen fertilizers for the biologization of its cultivation. Methods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. The data of researches on the influence of legume predecessor (peas) and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat are given. It was found that the legume predecessor (peas) and nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. It was defined that increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers for winter wheat from 40 to 80 kg/ha on both predecessors was effective. Conclusions. The application of N₈₀P₆₀K₆₀ for winter wheat in the crop rotation link with peas provided the highest grain yield – 5.42 t/ha with an excess to the control without fertilizers by 1.02 t/ha. Under the predecessor (meadow fescue), the application of N₈₀P₆₀K₆₀ decreased grain yield by 1.03 t/ha. It was found that an increase in the nitrogen fertilizer dose from 40 to 80 kg/ha for winter wheat was more effective in the peas link  – grain yield increased by 0.56 t/ha, while in the meadow fescue link – by 0.38 t/ha. A clear correlation between dose of nitrogen fertilizers and winter wheat grain yield was established: with the coefficient of determination in the meadow fescue link – 0.9999, the peas link – 0.9966. The plowing of pea straw under winter wheat against the background of the dose of mineral fertilizers N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ was determined to be effective; the grain yield increased by 0.23 t/ha compared to the application of mineral fertilizers alone, with an absolute indicator of 5.36 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers in both links increased the growth of stem mass, ensuring the straw yield in the peas link by 0.4–0.7 t/ha higher than in the meadow fescue link. Under peas as a predecessor, the quality of winter wheat grain has significantly improved. In the control without fertilizers, the protein content in wheat grain after peas was 11.4 %, after meadow fescue – 11.0 %; for the application of a dose of N₄₀P₆₀K₆₀ fertilizers – 11.8 % and 11.4 %, respectively; N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ – 12.0 % and 11.5 %, N₉₀P₆₀K₆₀ – 12.1 % and 11.7 %. Due to the legume predecessor (peas), the protein content in the grain increased by 0.4–0.5 % compared to the meadow fescue as a predecessor.

Key words: nitrogen, predecessor, peas, productivity, winter wheat

UDC 633.15: 631.81.095.337: 631.816.35             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0239

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 97-104

Moldovan, V., Moldovan, Zh.. 

Khmelnitskyi State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture Podillya  of NAAS, Samchyky village, Khmelnytsky district, Khmelnytsky region, 31182, Ukraine

Topicality. Fertilizers are one of the most effective means of influencing the yield and quality of maize grain. Along with macroelements (N, P, K), microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo) play an important role in the formation of maize grain productivity. The need for these elements is small, but they are absolutely necessary for the growth and development of plants. An effective way to provide plants with trace elements during the growing season can be seed treatment and foliar fertilizing, which will contribute to improving the quality of products, increasing yield and economic efficiency of maize cultivation. The use of growth regulators, complex liquid fertilizers is one of the new and promising directions in the agriculture of Ukraine, but little investigated in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe. Purpose. To study the influence of growth stimulants and complex microfertilizers on the growth and development of plants, the formation of individual productivity indicators, yield and grain quality of maize in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. Materials and Methods. For 2019–2020, the research was conducted on medium loamy podzolized chernozems. In a two-factor experiment, it was studied: DN Meotyda and DB Khotyn hybrids; growth stimulants (Vympel-K, Vympel-2) and microfertilizers (Oracle seeds, Oracle multicomplex, Oracle colofermin zinc, Oracle colofermin magnesium), which were used for seed treatment or spraying of crops in stages of 3–5 and 7–9 leaves. Results. It was established that the maize plants of the studied hybrids formed a different number of ears in the experimental plots, namely, DN Meotyda – 98–108, DB Khotyn – 93–98 productive ears per 100 plants. Pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding of maize at the early growth stages ensured an increase in grain weight per 1 ear of the early-ripening hybrid DN Meotyda by 7.1–27.2 %, and of the mid-early hybrid DB Khotyn – by 5.5–29.4 %, and 1,000 grains weight by 6.9–12.3 % and 10.5–16.0 %, respectively. The grain yield increased by 8.9–27.6 % in the early-ripening hybrid DN Meotyda, and by 8.7–26.1 % in the mid-early hybrid DB Khotyn. Conclusions. The highest indicators of individual productivity and grain yield are provided by the variant that involves seed treatment: Vympel–K + Oracle seed + Oracle zinc;
crop treatment in the stage of 3–5 leaves: Vympel–2 + Oracle phosphorus and in the stage of 7–9 leaves: Vympel–2 + Oracle zinc + Oracle magnesium). The grain weight per 1 ear increases by 27.2 for the early-ripening hybrid DN Meotida, by 29.4 % for mid-early DB Khotyn compared to the control; weight of 1,000 grains – by 12.3 and 16.0 %, grain yield – by 27.6 and 26.1 %, respectively.

Key words: maize, hybrid, seed treatment, feeding, individual productivity, yield

UDC 633.655:631.86         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0240

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 105-110

 Harbar L. A.¹, Dovbash N. I.², Knap N. V.³, Tkachenko Ye. O.¹

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroiv Oborony St., Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine

²National Science Center “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine”, 2-B Mashynobudivnykiv St., Chabany, Kyiv-Sviatoshynskyi district, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine

³Separate subdivision of NUBiP of Ukraine "Mukachevo Agricultural College", 32 Tomash Masaryk St., Mukachevo, Transcarpathian region, 89600, Ukraine

Topicality. Quantitative indicators of each structure element of productivity directly affect the formation of high yields. The soil and climatic conditions of the region and certain elements of the cultivation technology, in particular, the application of fertilizers, are the determining factors of soybean productivity formation. Purpose. To establish the influence of inoculation and nutritional conditions on the formation of structure elements of the soybean yield for ultra-early variety Merkur. Methods. Special and general scientific methods were used in the research. For 2019–2020, field trials were conducted on typical low-humus chernozems in the conditions of the Kyiv region. The experiment was two-factor: factor A - nutritional conditions created by different rates of fertilizers and growth regulator Gulliver Stymul against the background of mineral fertilization in ВВСН 13-15; ВВСН 51-55; factor B – seed inoculation with Nitrofix P (dry inoculant for soybeans). Results. According to the results of research, the influence effectiveness of nutritional conditions, growth regulators, seed inoculation on the formation of soybean yield structure elements for the Merkur variety are presented, and the interrelationship between these factors is identified. It was established that the formation of soybean productivity elements depends on the studied factors and environmental factors. Conclusions. Increased fertilizer rates significantly increased the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. Dynamics of increasing the 1,000 seed weight was also observed both in variants with seed inoculation with Nitrofix P, and without seed inoculation. Correlation analysis between the soybean yield structure elements and fertilizer variants revealed a strong positive correlation between them. Correlation-regression analysis, both without seed inoculation and with seed inoculation, revealed a linear dependence, which characterized by a strong correlation between soybean yield and fertilizer variants, with an approximation confidence value of R² = 0.951.

Key words: Gulliver Stymul, yield structure elements, correlation dependence, 1,000 seed weight, Nitrofix P, soybeans, fertilizers, nutritional conditions, yield

UDC 633.14.«324»:631.5/(477) (251.1) (1-17)            https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0241

Grain Crops. 2022. 6.(2). 111–116

Bezsusidnia  Yu.V.  

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr VernadskyiSt., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Nowadays, the relevant issue is the influence of predecessors on the grain productivity for the modern varieties of winter rye depending on the sowing dates and mineral nutrition, the study of which allows to reveal the biological potential of plants to a fuller extent and to significantly increase the yield of this crop in the Northern Steppe zone of Ukraine. Purpose. To study features for formation of  grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties depending on the predecessors against the background of different sowing dates and the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. MaterialsandMethods. In the 2018–2021, the studies were conducted on the basis of Experimental Farm “Dnipro” of  State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS in four-factor field trial. Winter rye of Pamiat Khudoierka and Stoir varieties were sown after spring barley and sunflower against the background of different levels of mineral nutrition of plants in three terms: early (September 5–10), optimal (September 20–25) and late (October 5–10). Results. According to the research results, a significant influence of predecessors on the winter rye yield was established. The highest level of yield was obtained for the Stoir  variety, which was sown in the period from 20 to 25 September. At the same time, on average over the years of research, the highest yield was observed in variants with nitrogen feeding plants on freeze-thawed soil: after spring barley – 6.47 t/ha, after sunflower – 5.03 t/ha. The Pamiat Khudoierka variety also provided the highest yield in these variants of the experiment – 6.17 and 4.72 t/ha, respectively. However, the difference in yield between varieties, taking into account the maximum indicator, depending on the predecessors was respectively 0.30 and 0.31 t/ha. Conclusions. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, it was found that sowing of winter rye after spring barley and sunflower in the most optimal terms, namely September 20–25, and the applying 45 kg a.i./ha nitrogen in early spring, ensured the formation of the highest yield in the Stoir variety, which was 6.47 and 5.03 t/ha, respectively.

Keywords:winterrye, predecessor, varieties, sowing dates, feeding crops, yield

UDC 633.11;633.16;551.50                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0242

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 117–121

Kostyria  I. V.¹,  Ostapenko M. A.¹, Bondarenko M. K.²

¹HenicheskResearchStationofStateEnterpriseInstituteofGrainCropsofNAAS, Novooleksiivka village, Henichesk district, Kherson region, 75560, Ukraine

²State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Climate change due to global warming determines important and relevant areas of research activities at the current stage of agricultural development.  Climate change affects the potential of natural resources therefore the limits of these changes are taken into account when determining the ways of agricultural production development. Purpose. To determine the impact of global warming as a result of changing climatic conditions on the overwintering of winter cereals in Prysyvashsha. Materials and Methods. The research materials were long-term observations of the basic climatic indicators at the Heni-chesk Experimental Station of the SE Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. Results. Changes of the main climatic indicators against the background of global warming in Prysyvashsha for the 2004–2020 were analyzed. During 2015–2018, the soil freezing depth and the minimum temperature at the depth of the tillering node of winter cereals during the winter period were investigated. An increase in the average annual air temperature was recorded, which caused a decrease in the soil freezing depth and an increase in its temperature at the depth of the tillering node and shortening of the winter period. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, there is an essential need to find more optimal dates for sowing winter wheat and barley as one of the key segments of agrotechnical measures, which provides better adaptation of winter crops and increase their productivity when grown in new environmental conditions in the arid Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Key words: global warming, climate change, air temperature, soil temperature, precipitation, winter wheat, winter barley, sowing dates, depth of soil freezing

UDC 633.11:631.527                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0243

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 122-128

Hamaiunova V. V.¹, Smirnova I. V.¹, Yevtushenko O. T.², Baklanova T. V.²

¹Mykolaiv National Agrarian University² State Institution of Higher Education “Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University” 

Topicality. Ukraine is a world known producer of high-quality grain. Actually, the potential for grain production of all grain crops, especially, winter wheat is quite powerful, especially in the southern region of Ukraine. At the same time, grain yield levels largely depend on influence of many factors: the moisture supply of plants during the growing years, the agricultural background of nutrition, the selection of varietal composition, the tillage method and measures, the plant protection, the weed infestation, and other factors. There are no trifles in plant cultivation, because strict compliance with all the necessary technological requirements will allow you to obtain constant productivity and ensure a gross harvest of grain every year. This is significantly important both for the state's own needs and for exports. Currently, it is not possible to successfully cultivate crops in all fields and agricultural lands due to military operations in Ukraine. The Ukrainian manufacturers should implement previously developed elements of technology and improve new less-known and resource-saving measures. The last aspect also becomes significant in term of the weakening the economic capacity of farms, the increase in the price of material resources and a certain decrease in soil fertility. Under such conditions, the most effective measure is to review of the list of agricultural crops and select the most unpretentious to environmental conditions crops for cultivation, and among them, it is necessary to select crops highly adapted to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment, and varieties that are able to show their genetically programmed biological and economically valuable characteristics. Purpose. We attempt to achieve a significant increase in both grain yield and its quality by means of selection and involvement of new varieties in the production, and improvement of certain elements of growing technology. Materials and Methods. Setting up and conducting field experiments was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of the research case. The experimental part of the work was carried out during 2007–2021 at the research field of the NNPC of the National Academy of Sciences. Results. It was determined that winter wheat responds to predecessors, increases grain productivity against the background of fertilization. With regard to the selection of the varietal composition of soft winter wheat bred by Ukrainian breeding institutions in the last decades, it was established that most varieties are adapted to cultivation in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, and are able to form a stable level of harvest, which does not clearly fluctuate over the years. Conclusions. We substantiated that winter wheat should be planted after more favorable predecessors, a moderate dose of mineral fertilizers should be applied, and the most productive varieties should be selected, which have the best characteristics in the conditions of the growing zone.

Keywords: winter wheat, selection of adapted varieties, grain harvest, weather and climate conditions, elements of cultivation technology

UDC 504.3:632.5:631.5:633.854.78              https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0244 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 129-136

Tkalich Yu. I., Tsyliuryk А. I,. Kozechko V. I..

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 25 Serhii Yefremov St., Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine

Topicality. Adhesives are an integral part of the weed control system in the maize crops, because they increase the efficiency of herbicide application. They significantly reduce the cost of plant protection products and increase their efficiency, as well as increase the adhesive properties of the herbicide solution to prevent its runoff and prolong its action. Development of new herbicides, constant weather and climate changes require to study further the effectiveness of the combined action of herbicides and adhesives. Among the adhesives for maize, it is generated interest such products as Synergent SOC, Eco Oil Spray, Esterlip, etc. Purpose. To reveal the effectiveness for combinations of herbicides with adhesives in the maize crops, as well as their impact on plant growth and development. Materials and Methods. The experimental scheme included the following combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives: 1. Control (Rimsulfuron without adhesive); 2. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Trend 90 (0.15 % working solution); 3. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Synergent (0.15 % working solution); 4. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Eco Oil Spray (0.15 % working solution); 5. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 6. Rimsulforon (35 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 7. Rimsulforon (25 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution). Results. The combination of rimsulfuron with adhesive Esterlip had the highest technical efficiency compared to other adhesives, in particular, on the redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was 75–100% (complete destruction) and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) – 85.7–92.9 %, slightly less on common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) – 83.3%. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) was highly resistant to almost all combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives. The highest maize yield of 8.99 t/ha was in the variant with Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip. Reduced application rate of Esterlip to 25–35 g/ha decreased the maize yield to 7.34–7.65 t/ha, or by 1.34–1.65 t/ha (14.9–18.3 %) due to increased weed infestation of crops. The application of adhesives Trend 90, Synergen, Eco Oil Spray also decreased maize yields to 8.48 t/ha, 8.07 t/ha and 8.62 t/ha, respectively, which was less by 0.51 t/ha (5.6 %), 0.92 t/ha (10.2 %) and 0.37 t/ha (4.1 %). The lowest yield was in the control – 5.30 t/ha due to significant weed infestation of grain crops, which decreased by 3.69 t/ha (41.0 %) compared to the best variant (Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip). Conclusions. Considering the ongoing development of new adhesives and herbicides for maize, as well as climate changes, it is necessary to continue research in this area to determine the most optimal ratio of herbicide rates with adhesives.

Key words: maize, weeds, herbicides, adhesives, yield, technical efficiency

UDС 632:633.1                      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0245               

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 137–143

Yavdoshchenko M.P., Pedash T.M., Girka T.V., Semenov S. S.

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS,14 VolodymyrVernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine

Topicality. Changes in weather and climatic conditions affect the formation of pathogenic complexes of grain agrocenoses and the species composition of pathogens, which are typical for the Steppe zone of Ukraine. At the same time, changes in cultivation technologies accompanying the transition to new forms of management also play a significant role in the formation of pathogenic complexes. It is necessary to find out the features of the pathogenic mycoflora formation and plant immunity in order to scientifically substantiate measures to stabilize the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses at the current stage of grain production. Purpose. To divide into appropriate groups of grain crop diseases in the Steppe zone in terms of the nature of development, harmfulness and hydrothermal dependence of their pathogens. Materials and Methods. In 1999–2019, we conducted surveys of wheat (winter and spring), rye, barley (winter and spring), oats and maize for disease infestation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine according to generally accepted methods of phytopathological research. Results. Over the years of research, we identified 123 pathogens, which caused 135 diseases in grain crops. The most diverse composition of pathogens was observed on wheat and maize, 64 and 55 pathogens, and, 33 and 41 diseases, respectively. It should be noted a wide range for specialization of the widespread pathogens in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The pathogens of smut infects generally a certain type of grain crops, rusts are somewhat less specialized. Less specialized parasites, such as fungi from the genera Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria cause the same type of diseases in several plant species, and some of them affect different plant organs. Thus, among the pathogens of Fusarium root rot of wheat, rye, barley and maize, the fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. was identified. On the maize, in particular, this pathogen caused seedling mold, root and stem rot, cob rot, and grain mold. Conclusions. It was established that the hydrothermal regime can affect the development of diseases not only due to its compliance with the pathogen's requirements, but also affect the resistance of plants. The problem of agrocenosis recovery can be successfully solved by adapting modern intensive technologies of growing grain crops that aimed to optimally utilized ecological resources by plants in the Steppe of Ukraine, and prevent the spread of harmful organisms.

Key words: winter wheat, maize, pathogens, diseases, hydrothermal conditions, harmfulness

UDС 631.153.7:632.51(477.6)                         https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0246 

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 161–168

Medvediev E. B. 

Luhansk Institute of Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 14 Zhovtneva St., Metalist village, Slovianoserbsk district, Luhansk region, 93733, Ukraine

Topicality. In the current conditions in Ukraine, the issues of weed control in crops do not lose their relevance due to the negative processes caused by the aggravation of the economic situation, the rapid soaring prices on mineral fertilizers, machinery, fuels and lubricants, plant protection products, the replacement of energy-intensive traditional tillage systems with moldboardless and other resource-saving ones. Purpose. To study the influence of tillage and fertilizers on the weed infestation of agricultural crops in the link of the field grain-fallow-row crop rotation: winter wheat after maize (milk-wax ripeness) – grain peas – winter wheat in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Methods of tillage with applying mineral fertilizers under the primary tillage were tested. The field and statistical-mathematical methods were used in experimental studies. The number of weeds in crops was determined by the quantitative-weight method using square frames. Results. It was established that moldboardless tillage in the crop rotation link against the background of plowing under maize and harrowing with light harrows during the growing season leads in comparison with moldboard tillage to the following increase in weed infestation – on average for years of research: annual weeds during the growing season: in peas crops – by 40.6 (without fertilizers), 44.2 (with recommended dose) and 51.6 (with calculated dose) pcs/m²; before harvesting: by 22.7, 24.4 and 36.4 pcs/m², respectively; in winter wheat crops after peas – by 0.5, 11.9 and 19.4 pcs/m²; 5.8, 8.4 and 6.7 pcs./m², respectively; perennials in winter wheat crops after peas during the growing season: by 10.4, 9.1 and 10.9 pcs/m²; before harvesting: by 19.1, 18.3 and 20.0 pcs/m², respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers increases germination of annual weed seeds. This was most clearly observed in winter wheat crops after maize of milk-wax ripeness. A tendency towards an increase in the air-dry weight of weeds under fertilization was revealed for all crops in the crop rotation link. Conclusions. Moldboardless tillage increases the number of weeds, but does not increase their air-dry weight, and decreases grain yield and quality. Mineral fertilizers applied in the experiment increase the air-dry weight of weeds and the number of their annual species. The species composition of weeds in the crops did not depend on the method of tillage.

Key words: weeds, tillage, mineral fertilizers, winter wheat, peas      

UDC 633.11.324:631.51:631.816                https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0247

Grain Crops. 2022. 6 (2). 169–177

Horbatenko А. I., Sudak V. M., Hasanova I. I., Chaban V. I., Matiukha V. L., Semenov S. S. 

State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, 14 Volodymyr Vernadskyi St., Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

Topicality. Clean fallow is a reliable means of drought control, increasing productivity and sustainability of Steppe agriculture. At the same time, a fallow remains the most vulnerable field of the crop rotation, which requires perfect methods of maintenance that can counteract erosion processes, prevent humus losses, and improve the moisture availability of wheat. Purpose. To determine the soil protection and agrotechnical effectiveness of early fallow (sunflower, stubble, maize) when growing winter wheat in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The primary tillage of clean fallow was carried out with heavy cultivators, combined units, and plows. The erodible resistance of chernozem was assessed by field modeling and hydrological methods, to frost heaving – by soil lumpiness and the amount of post-harvest residues. The water-physical properties of the arable layer were determined in accordance with generally accepted methodical recommendations, the yield – by direct harvesting, and the grain quality – in accordance with DSTU 3768:2019. Results. It was established that maintaining arable land according to the early fallow scheme contributes the soil deflation and erosion control. At the same time, the migration of fine soil outside the field does not exceed 1.5–4.3 t/ha per year. The introduction of early fallow after cereals and row crops contributes to additionally accumulate productive soil moisture in the amount of 130–150 m³/ha compared to the control (plowing 25–27 cm) and restore moisture reserves for the spring tillering of wheat plants (207–221 mm or 86–92 % of the ultimate field water capacity, 0–150 cm layer). On sloping lands, the two-phase tillage of early fallow is preferable, which includes strip loosening to 40–45 cm depth in late autumn and shallow loosening to 14–16 cm depth in spring. In terms of productivity of winter crops, early fallows are not inferior to fall tillage. On the plains, the best variant of fallow maintenance was variant, which combines mulching with the cultivation of cover crops, on the slopes – with soil slitting. When involving all by-products of predecessors in the cycle, it is advisable to feed plants with nitrogen fertilizers in the spring with a dose of N_30-60. The application of mineral nitrogen provided an average wheat yield on early fallow at the level of 5.52–6.66 t/ha and food grain with a protein content of 11.5–11.9%, gluten – 22.6–24.6 %. Conclusions. Maintaining arable land according to early fallow scheme reliably protects the soil from erosion and ensures the restoration of productive moisture reserves to the level of 86–92% of the ultimate field moisture capacity in the second year. According to the wheat grain yield, spring tillage (12–16 cm) was not inferior to autumn plowing (25–27 cm). The effectiveness of early fallows is enhanced by soil slitting, cultivation of post-harvest (cover) crops, optimization of nitrogen nutrition of plants.

Key words: early fallow, winter wheat, tillage, post-harvest residues, fertilizers, erosion, moisture, yield, grain quality

UDК 631.512: 631.452(477.6)             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0248

Medvediev E. B. 

Grain Crops 2022. 6(2). 159-165

Lugansk Institute of Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 14 Oktiabrska St., Metalist village, Slovianoserbsk district, Lugansk region, 93733, Ukraine

Topicality. The spread of negative processes in the soil associated with the aggravation of the economic situation in modern Ukraine, the rapid rise in prices for equipment, fuels and lubricants, the replacement of energy-intensive traditional tillage systems with non-moldboard and other resource-saving ones, requires further and deeper research on their impact on her agrophysical indicators. Purpose. To study the influence of the primary tillage on the agrophysical indicators of ordinary chernozem in the link of the field grain-fallow-row crop rotation (winter wheat after maize of milk-wax ripeness - peas for grain - winter wheat) in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Methods of primary tillage based on moldboard plowing and non-moldboard loosening against the background of moldboard plowing for corn were studied. In experimental studies, we used field, laboratory and statistical-mathematical methods. The agrophysical parameters of the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods. Results. No significant difference has been found in the influence of the primary tillage methods on the soil density in the 0–30 cm layer under the crops of the crop rotation link in spring and at their harvesting. In 2011 and 2012, there was a significant increase in the number of water-stable aggregates (over 0.25 mm) in the soil under non-moldboard tillage, compared with plowing, under all crops of the crop rotation link in the spring and during harvesting, mainly in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers. This was more often observed in the spring – on average for 2010–2012, the difference in this indicator in the soil layer of 0–30 cm for the crops of the crop rotation link was: winter wheat after maize of milk-wax ripeness – 1.9, peas – 4.4 and winter wheat after peas – 3.0 %, and on average for the crop rotation link – 3.1 It is established that moldboardless tillage contributes to a significant reduction in moisture consumption for unproductive evaporation in conditions of frequently repeated drought events. Conclusions. The studied methods of primary tillage of ordinary heavy loam chernozem equally affect the bulk density and do not cause deterioration of this indicator. The non-moldboard tillage improves the water resistance of the arable soil layer under crops in the crop rotation link and reduces moisture consumption for evaporation, compared to plowing.

Key words: tillage, density, water resistance, productive moisture, winter wheat, peas

UDC  92.633.15/.632                      https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0249

Bilokon L. M.

StateEnterpriseInstitute ofGrainCrops ofNAAN, 14 VolodymyraVernadskohoSt.,Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

UDC 92:633.15                             https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0250

Cherchel V. Yu., Bodenko N. A.

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 168–172.

StateEnterpriseInstitute ofGrainCrops ofNAAN, 14 VolodymyraVernadskohoSt.,Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine

UDC 92:631.56                       https://doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0251

Lupitko O. I., Bazileva Yu. S., Kovalev D. V., Lukianenko T. M.

Grain Crops. 2022. 6(2). 173-175

StateEnterpriseInstitute ofGrainCrops ofNAAN, 14 VolodymyraVernadskohoSt.,Dnipro, 49009, Ukraine